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前面我们多次提到Nacos的健康检查,比如《微服务之:服务挂的太干脆,Nacos还没反应过来,怎么办?》一文中还对健康检查进行了自定义调优。那么,Nacos的健康检查和心跳机制到底是如何实现的呢?在项目实践中是否又可以参考Nacos的健康检查机制,运用于其他地方呢?

这篇文章,就带大家来揭开Nacos健康检查机制的面纱。

Nacos的健康检查

Nacos中临时实例基于心跳上报方式维持活性,基本的健康检查流程基本如下:Nacos客户端会维护一个定时任务,每隔5秒发送一次心跳请求,以确保自己处于活跃状态。Nacos服务端在15秒内如果没收到客户端的心跳请求,会将该实例设置为不健康,在30秒内没收到心跳,会将这个临时实例摘除。

原理很简单,关于代码层的实现,下面来就逐步来进行解析。

客户端的心跳

实例基于心跳上报的形式来维持活性,当然就离不开心跳功能的实现了。这里以客户端心跳实现为基准来进行分析。

Spring Cloud提供了一个标准接口ServiceRegistry,Nacos对应的实现类为NacosServiceRegistry。Spring Cloud项目启动时会实例化NacosServiceRegistry,并调用它的register方法来进行实例的注册。

</article>

@Override
public void register(Registration registration) { 
   // ...
   NamingService namingService = namingService();
   String serviceId = registration.getServiceId();
   String group = nacosDiscoveryProperties.getGroup();
   Instance instance = getNacosInstanceFromRegistration(registration);
   try {
      namingService.registerInstance(serviceId, group, instance);
      log.info("nacos registry, {} {} {}:{} register finished", group, serviceId,
            instance.getIp(), instance.getPort());
   }catch (Exception e) {
      // ...

在该方法中有两处需要注意,第一处是构建Instance的
getNacosInstanceFromRegistration方法,该方法内会设置Instance的元数据(metadata),通过源元数据可以配置服务器端健康检查的参数。比如,在Spring Cloud中配置的如下参数,都可以通过元数据项在服务注册时传递给Nacos的服务端。

spring:
  application:
    name: user-service-provider
  cloud:
    nacos:
      discovery:
        server-addr: 127.0.0.1:8848
        heart-beat-interval: 5000
        heart-beat-timeout: 15000
       ip-delete-timeout: 30000

其中的heart-beat-interval、heart-beat-timeout、ip-delete-timeout这些健康检查的参数,都是基于元数据上报上去的。

register方法的第二处就是调用NamingService#registerInstance来进行实例的注册。NamingService是由Nacos的客户端提供,也就是说Nacos客户端的心跳本身是由Nacos生态提供的。

在registerInstance方法中最终会调用到下面的方法:

@Override
public void registerInstance(String serviceName, String groupName, Instance instance) throws NacosException {
    NamingUtils.checkInstanceIsLegal(instance);
    String groupedServiceName = NamingUtils.getGroupedName(serviceName, groupName);
    if (instance.isEphemeral()) {
        BeatInfo beatInfo = beatReactor.buildBeatInfo(groupedServiceName, instance);
        beatReactor.addBeatInfo(groupedServiceName, beatInfo);
    serverProxy.registerService(groupedServiceName, groupName, instance);

其中BeatInfo#addBeatInfo便是进行心跳处理的入口。当然,前提条件是当前的实例需要是临时(瞬时)实例。

对应的方法实现如下:

public void addBeatInfo(String serviceName, BeatInfo beatInfo) {
    NAMING_LOGGER.info("[BEAT] adding beat: {} to beat map.", beatInfo);
    String key = buildKey(serviceName, beatInfo.getIp(), beatInfo.getPort());
    BeatInfo existBeat = null;
    //fix #1733
    if ((existBeat = dom2Beat.remove(key)) != null) {
        existBeat.setStopped(true);
    dom2Beat.put(key, beatInfo);
    executorService.schedule(new BeatTask(beatInfo), beatInfo.getPeriod(), TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
    MetricsMonitor.getDom2BeatSizeMonitor().set(dom2Beat.size());

在倒数第二行可以看到,客户端是通过定时任务来处理心跳的,具体的心跳请求有BeatTask完成。定时任务的执行频次,封装在BeatInfo,回退往上看,会发现BeatInfo的Period来源于Instance#
getInstanceHeartBeatInterval()。该方法具体实现如下:

public long getInstanceHeartBeatInterval() {
    return this.getMetaDataByKeyWithDefault("preserved.heart.beat.interval", Constants.DEFAULT_HEART_BEAT_INTERVAL);

可以看出定时任务的执行间隔就是配置的metadata中的数据
preserved.heart.beat.interval,与上面提到配置heart-beat-interval本质是一回事,默认是5秒。

BeatTask类具体实现如下:

class BeatTask implements Runnable {
    BeatInfo beatInfo;
    public BeatTask(BeatInfo beatInfo) {
        this.beatInfo = beatInfo;
    @Override
    public void run() {
        if (beatInfo.isStopped()) {
            return;
        long nextTime = beatInfo.getPeriod();
        try {
            JsonNode result = serverProxy.sendBeat(beatInfo, BeatReactor.this.lightBeatEnabled);
            long interval = result.get("clientBeatInterval").asLong();
            boolean lightBeatEnabled = false;
            if (result.has(CommonParams.LIGHT_BEAT_ENABLED)) {
                lightBeatEnabled = result.get(CommonParams.LIGHT_BEAT_ENABLED).asBoolean();
            BeatReactor.this.lightBeatEnabled = lightBeatEnabled;
            if (interval > 0) {
                nextTime = interval;
            int code = NamingResponseCode.OK;
            if (result.has(CommonParams.CODE)) {
                code = result.get(CommonParams.CODE).asInt();
            if (code == NamingResponseCode.RESOURCE_NOT_FOUND) {
                Instance instance = new Instance();
                instance.setPort(beatInfo.getPort());
                instance.setIp(beatInfo.getIp());
                instance.setWeight(beatInfo.getWeight());
                instance.setMetadata(beatInfo.getMetadata());
                instance.setClusterName(beatInfo.getCluster());
                instance.setServiceName(beatInfo.getServiceName());
                instance.setInstanceId(instance.getInstanceId());
                instance.setEphemeral(true);
                try {
                    serverProxy.registerService(beatInfo.getServiceName(),
                            NamingUtils.getGroupName(beatInfo.getServiceName()), instance);
                } catch (Exception ignore) {
        } catch (NacosException ex) {
            NAMING_LOGGER.error("[CLIENT-BEAT] failed to send beat: {}, code: {}, msg: {}",
                    JacksonUtils.toJson(beatInfo), ex.getErrCode(), ex.getErrMsg());
        executorService.schedule(new BeatTask(beatInfo), nextTime, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);

在run方法中通过NamingProxy#sendBeat完成了心跳请求的发送,而在run方法的最后,再次开启了一个定时任务,这样周期性的进行心跳请求。

NamingProxy#sendBeat方法实现如下:

public JsonNode sendBeat(BeatInfo beatInfo, boolean lightBeatEnabled) throws NacosException {
    if (NAMING_LOGGER.isDebugEnabled()) {
        NAMING_LOGGER.debug("[BEAT] {} sending beat to server: {}", namespaceId, beatInfo.toString());
    Map<String, String> params = new HashMap<String, String>(8);
    Map<String, String> bodyMap = new HashMap<String, String>(2);
    if (!lightBeatEnabled) {
        bodyMap.put("beat", JacksonUtils.toJson(beatInfo));
    params.put(CommonParams.NAMESPACE_ID, namespaceId);
    params.put(CommonParams.SERVICE_NAME, beatInfo.getServiceName());
    params.put(CommonParams.CLUSTER_NAME, beatInfo.getCluster());
    params.put("ip", beatInfo.getIp());
    params.put("port", String.valueOf(beatInfo.getPort()));
    String result = reqApi(UtilAndComs.nacosUrlBase + "/instance/beat", params, bodyMap, HttpMethod.PUT);
    return JacksonUtils.toObj(result);

实际上,就是调用了Nacos服务端提供的"
/nacos/v1/ns/instance/beat"服务。

在客户端的常量类Constants中定义了心跳相关的默认参数:

static {
    DEFAULT_HEART_BEAT_TIMEOUT = TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(15L);
    DEFAULT_IP_DELETE_TIMEOUT = TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(30L);
    DEFAULT_HEART_BEAT_INTERVAL = TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(5L);

这样就呼应了最开始说的Nacos健康检查机制的几个时间维度。

服务端接收心跳
分析客户端的过程中已经可以看出请求的是
/nacos/v1/ns/instance/beat这个服务。Nacos服务端是在Naming项目中的InstanceController中实现的。

@CanDistro
@PutMapping("/beat")
@Secured(parser = NamingResourceParser.class, action = ActionTypes.WRITE)
public ObjectNode beat(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
    // ...
    Instance instance = serviceManager.getInstance(namespaceId, serviceName, clusterName, ip, port);
    if (instance == null) {
        // ...
        instance = new Instance();
        instance.setPort(clientBeat.getPort());
        instance.setIp(clientBeat.getIp());
        instance.setWeight(clientBeat.getWeight());
        instance.setMetadata(clientBeat.getMetadata());
        instance.setClusterName(clusterName);
        instance.setServiceName(serviceName);
        instance.setInstanceId(instance.getInstanceId());
        instance.setEphemeral(clientBeat.isEphemeral());
        serviceManager.registerInstance(namespaceId, serviceName, instance);
    Service service = serviceManager.getService(namespaceId, serviceName);
    // ...
    service.processClientBeat(clientBeat);
    // ...
    return result;

服务端在接收到请求时,主要做了两件事:第一,如果发送心跳的实例不存在,则将其进行注册;第二,调用其Service的processClientBeat方法进行心跳处理。

processClientBeat方法实现如下:

public void processClientBeat(final RsInfo rsInfo) {
    ClientBeatProcessor clientBeatProcessor = new ClientBeatProcessor();
    clientBeatProcessor.setService(this);
    clientBeatProcessor.setRsInfo(rsInfo);
    HealthCheckReactor.scheduleNow(clientBeatProcessor);

ClientBeatProcessor同样是一个实现了Runnable的Task,通过HealthCheckReactor定义的scheduleNow方法进行立即执行。

scheduleNow方法实现:

public static ScheduledFuture<?> scheduleNow(Runnable task) {
    return GlobalExecutor.scheduleNamingHealth(task, 0, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);

再来看看ClientBeatProcessor中对具体任务的实现:

@Override
public void run() {
    Service service = this.service;
    // logging    
    String ip = rsInfo.getIp();
    String clusterName = rsInfo.getCluster();
    int port = rsInfo.getPort();
    Cluster cluster = service.getClusterMap().get(clusterName);
    List<Instance> instances = cluster.allIPs(true);
    for (Instance instance : instances) {
        if (instance.getIp().equals(ip) && instance.getPort() == port) {
            // logging
            instance.setLastBeat(System.currentTimeMillis());
            if (!instance.isMarked()) {
                if (!instance.isHealthy()) {
                    instance.setHealthy(true);
                    // logging
                    getPushService().serviceChanged(service);

在run方法中先检查了发送心跳的实例和IP是否一致,如果一致则更新最后一次心跳时间。同时,如果该实例之前未被标记且处于不健康状态,则将其改为健康状态,并将变动通过PushService提供事件机制进行发布。事件是由Spring的ApplicationContext进行发布,事件为ServiceChangeEvent。

通过上述心跳操作,Nacos服务端的实例的健康状态和最后心跳时间已经被刷新。那么,如果没有收到心跳时,服务器端又是如何判断呢?

服务端心跳检查
客户端发起心跳,服务器端来检查客户端的心跳是否正常,或者说对应的实例中的心跳更新时间是否正常。

服务器端心跳的触发是在服务实例注册时触发的,同样在InstanceController中,register注册实现如下:

@CanDistro
@PostMapping
@Secured(parser = NamingResourceParser.class, action = ActionTypes.WRITE)
public String register(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
    // ...
    final Instance instance = parseInstance(request);
    serviceManager.registerInstance(namespaceId, serviceName, instance);
    return "ok";

ServiceManager#registerInstance实现代码如下:

public void registerInstance(String namespaceId, String serviceName, Instance instance) throws NacosException {
    createEmptyService(namespaceId, serviceName, instance.isEphemeral());
    // ...

心跳相关实现在第一次创建空的Service中实现,最终会调到如下方法:

public void createServiceIfAbsent(String namespaceId, String serviceName, boolean local, Cluster cluster)
        throws NacosException {
    Service service = getService(namespaceId, serviceName);
    if (service == null) {
        Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("creating empty service {}:{}", namespaceId, serviceName);
        service = new Service();
        service.setName(serviceName);
        service.setNamespaceId(namespaceId);
        service.setGroupName(NamingUtils.getGroupName(serviceName));
        // now validate the service. if failed, exception will be thrown
        service.setLastModifiedMillis(System.currentTimeMillis());
        service.recalculateChecksum();
        if (cluster != null) {
            cluster.setService(service);
            service.getClusterMap().put(cluster.getName(), cluster);
        service.validate();
        putServiceAndInit(service);
        if (!local) {
            addOrReplaceService(service);

在putServiceAndInit方法中对Service进行初始化:

private void putServiceAndInit(Service service) throws NacosException {
    putService(service);
    service = getService(service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName());
    service.init();
    consistencyService
            .listen(KeyBuilder.buildInstanceListKey(service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName(), true), service);
    consistencyService
            .listen(KeyBuilder.buildInstanceListKey(service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName(), false), service);
    Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("[NEW-SERVICE] {}", service.toJson());

service.init()方法实现:

public void init() {
    HealthCheckReactor.scheduleCheck(clientBeatCheckTask);
    for (Map.Entry<String, Cluster> entry : clusterMap.entrySet()) {
        entry.getValue().setService(this);
        entry.getValue().init();

HealthCheckReactor#scheduleCheck方法实现:

public static void scheduleCheck(ClientBeatCheckTask task) {
    futureMap.computeIfAbsent(task.taskKey(),
            k -> GlobalExecutor.scheduleNamingHealth(task, 5000, 5000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));

延迟5秒执行,每5秒检查一次。

在init方法的第一行便可以看到执行健康检查的Task,具体Task是由ClientBeatCheckTask来实现,对应的run方法核心代码如下:

@Override
public void run() {
    // ...        
    List<Instance> instances = service.allIPs(true);
    // first set health status of instances:
    for (Instance instance : instances) {
        if (System.currentTimeMillis() - instance.getLastBeat() > instance.getInstanceHeartBeatTimeOut()) {
            if (!instance.isMarked()) {
                if (instance.isHealthy()) {
                    instance.setHealthy(false);
                    // logging...
                    getPushService().serviceChanged(service);
                    ApplicationUtils.publishEvent(new InstanceHeartbeatTimeoutEvent(this, instance));
    if (!getGlobalConfig().isExpireInstance()) {
        return;
    // then remove obsolete instances:
    for (Instance instance : instances) {
        if (instance.isMarked()) {
            continue;
        if (System.currentTimeMillis() - instance.getLastBeat() > instance.getIpDeleteTimeout()) {
            // delete instance
            deleteIp(instance);