Background: Children with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often found sleep problems, such as longer total sleep time, lower sleep efficiency, shorter time of rapid eye movement sleep, shorter proportion of rapid eye movement sleep by using polysomnography (PSG). Besides, there is a higher rate to comorbid obstructive sleep apnea and periodic limb movement disorders. However, fewer studies have explored the association between ADHD subtypes and PSG. In the past years, studies investigate ADHD subtypes through the Conners'' continuous performance test-II (CPT-II) tended to think that children’s behavior can be observed during the test are different compared to the performance results in CPT-II. On the other words, it does not clearly indicate that which CPT-II variables are significantly different between ADHD subtypes. Hence, the present study aimed to explore the correlation between the psychiatrist''s diagnosis of ADHD subtypes including ADHD-combine type (ADHD-C) and ADHD-predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-IA), PSG, and CPT-II.
Method: 16 children of ADHD-IA and 50 children of ADHD-C were diagnosed by a psychiatrist and conducted with CPT-II, then referral to a sleep center for PSG assessment. Data are analyzed by point biserial correlations or partial correlation analysis after data collection is completed.
Result: (1) The CPT-II results of ADHD-C children had higher variability of response time between blocks compared with ADHD-IA children. (2)The PSG results of ADHD-C children have higher sleep efficiency compared with ADHD-IA children. (3) There were no significant correlations between the results of PSG and CPT-II.
Discussion: The variability of response time between blocks in CPT-II can be used as a means of clinically identifying ADHD-C or ADHD-IA. The results of actigraphy and CPT-II cannot be inferred to correlation to the PSG and CPT-II, which may be related to the research design and subject factors.
一、文獻回顧1
第一節 注意力缺失/過動症簡介1
第二節 研究目的2
第三節 ADHD孩童的睡眠問題2
第四節 ADHD孩童的睡眠衡鑑-睡眠多項生理檢查儀3
第五節 醫師診斷之ADHD亞型的睡眠差異7
第六節 ADHD的持續注意力測驗表現與亞型的差異8
第七節 睡眠與持續注意力測驗的表現9
第八節 ADHD孩童的睡眠困擾是否與藥物治療有關？10
二、實驗假設12
三、實驗方法13
第一節 實驗對象、排除條款及實驗流程13
第二節 醫師診斷13
第三節 持續注意力測驗13
第四節 睡眠多項生理檢查儀15
第五節 統計分析17
四、實驗結果18
第一節 受試者排除受試者排除、人口學變項與描述統計資料18
第二節 醫師診斷與持續注意力測驗的點二系列相關結果22
第三節 醫師診斷與睡眠多項生理檢查儀的點二系列相關結果22
第四節 持續注意力測驗與睡眠多項生理檢查儀的淨相關結果23
五、綜合討論26
六、研究貢獻29
七、研究限制30
八、參考文獻31
九、附錄37
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. (1999). Sleep-related breathing disorders in adults: recommendations for syndrome definition and measurement techniques in clinical research. Sleep, 22, 667-689.
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. (2005). International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and Coding Manual. Westchester, IL.
American Academy of Sleep Medicine (Ed.). (2007). The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications. Westchester, IL.
American Psychiatric Association (Ed.). (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition - Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
American Thoracic Society. (1996). Standards and indications for cardiopulmonary sleep studies in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153, 866-878.
Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological bulletin, 121(1), 65.
Barkley, R. A., DuPaul, G. J., & McMurray, M. B. (1990). Comprehensive evaluation of attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity as defined by research criteria. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 58(6), 775.
Bellgrove, M. A., Hester, R., & Garavan, H. (2004). The functional neuroanatomical correlates of response variability: evidence from a response inhibition task. Neuropsychologia, 42(14), 1910-1916.
Biederman, J. (2005). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a selective overview. Biological psychiatry, 57(11), 1215-1220. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66915-2
Chen, K. C., Chu, C. L., Yang, Y. K., Yeh, T. L., Lee, I. H., Chen, P. S., & Lu, R. B. (2005). The relationship among insight, cognitive function of patients with schizophrenia and their relatives’ perception. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 59(6), 657-660.
Chiang, H.-L., Gua, S. S.-F., Ni, H. C., Chiu, Y. N., Shang, C. Y., Wu, Y. Y., . . . Soong, W. T. (2010). Association between symptoms and subtypes of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder and sleep problems/disorders. Journal of sleep research, 19(4), 535-545.
Chiang, H.-L., Huang, Y.-S., & Gua, S. S.-F. (2009). Association between Symptoms/Diagnosis of Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorders and Sleep Problems/Disorders-focus on Taiwan. 臺灣精神醫學, 23(2), 90-103.
Cohen-Zion, M., & Ancoli-Israel, S. (2004). Sleep in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a review of naturalistic and stimulant intervention studies. Sleep medicine reviews, 8(5), 379-402.
Collings, R. D. (2003). Differences between ADHD inattentive and combined types on the CPT. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 25(3), 177-189.
Conners, C. K., Epstein, J. N., Angold, A., & Klaric, J. (2003). Continuous performance test performance in a normative epidemiological sample. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 31(5), 555-562.
Conners, C. K., Staff, M., Connelly, V., Campbell, S., MacLean, M., & Barnes, J. (2000). Conners’ continuous performance Test II (CPT II v. 5). Multi-Health Syst Inc, 29, 175-196.
Corkum, P., Moldofsky, H., Hogg-Johnson, S., Humphries, T., & Tannock, R. (1999). Sleep problems in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: impact of subtype, comorbidity, and stimulant medication. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(10), 1285-1293.
Corkum, P., Tannock, R., & Moldofsky, H. (1998). Sleep disturbances in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(6), 637-646.
Cortese, S., Faraone, S. V., Konofal, E., & Lecendreux, M. (2009). Sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis of subjective and objective studies. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(9), 894-908.
Cortese, S., Konofal, E., Lecendreux, M., Arnulf, I., Mouren, M.-C., Darra, F., & Bernardina, B. D. (2005). Restless legs syndrome and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a review of the literature. Sleep, 28(8), 1007-1013.
Epstein, J. N., Erkanli, A., Conners, C. K., Klaric, J., Costello, J. E., & Angold, A. (2003). Relations between continuous performance test performance measures and ADHD behaviors. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 31(5), 543-554.
Epstein, J. N., Keith Conners, C., Hervey, A. S., Tonev, S. T., Eugene Arnold, L., Abikoff, H. B., . . . Hoagwood, K. (2006). Assessing medication effects in the MTA study using neuropsychological outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(5), 446-456.
Franklin, K. A., & Lindberg, E. (2015). Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder in the population—a review on the epidemiology of sleep apnea. Journal of thoracic disease, 7(8), 1311.
Galland, B. C., Tripp, E. G., & Taylor, B. J. (2010). The sleep of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on and off methylphenidate: a matched case–control study. Journal of sleep research, 19(2), 366-373.
Gau, S. S., Chong, M.-Y., Chen, T. H., & Cheng, A. T. (2005). A 3-year panel study of mental disorders among adolescents in Taiwan. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(7), 1344-1350.
Golan, N., Shahar, E., Ravid, S., & Pillar, G. (2004). Sleep disorders and daytime sleepiness in children with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder. Sleep, 27(2), 261-266.
Goraya, J. S., Cruz, M., Valencia, I., Kaleyias, J., Khurana, D. S., Hardison, H. H., . . . Kothare, S. V. (2009). Sleep study abnormalities in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatric neurology, 40(1), 42-46.
Gruber, R., Grizenko, N., Schwartz, G., Bellingham, J., Guzman, R., & Joober, R. (2007). Performance on the continuous performance test in children with ADHD is associated with sleep efficiency. Sleep, 30(8), 1003-1009.
Gruber, R., Xi, T., Frenette, S., Robert, M., Vannasinh, P., & Carrier, J. (2009). Sleep disturbances in prepubertal children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a home polysomnography study. Sleep, 32(3), 343-350.
Hickey, K., Walters, A., & Hening, W. (1992). Hyperactivity and “growing pains” as possible misdiagnoses in young-age onset restless legs syndrome. Sleep Res, 21, 209.
Hornyak, M., Feige, B., Voderholzer, U., Philipsen, A., & Riemann, D. (2007). Polysomnography findings in patients with restless legs syndrome and in healthy controls: a comparative observational study. Sleep, 30(7), 861-865.
Kaplan, B. J., McNicol, J., Conte, R. A., & Moghadam, H. (1987). Sleep disturbance in preschool-aged hyperactive and nonhyperactive children. Pediatrics, 80(6), 839-844.
Lara, C., Fayyad, J., De Graaf, R., Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Angermeyer, M., . . . Jin, R. (2009). Childhood predictors of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Biological psychiatry, 65(1), 46-54.
Lycett, K., Mensah, F. K., Hiscock, H., & Sciberras, E. (2014). A prospective study of sleep problems in children with ADHD. Sleep Med, 15(11), 1354-1361.
MacDonald, S. W., Li, S.-C., & Bäckman, L. (2009). Neural underpinnings of within-person variability in cognitive functioning. Psychology and aging, 24(4), 792.
Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., Bixler, E. O., Vgontzas, A. N., Mahr, F., Hillwig-Garcia, J., . . . Parvin, M. (2008). ADHD subtypes and comorbid anxiety, depression, and oppositional-defiant disorder: differences in sleep problems. Journal of pediatric psychology, 34(3), 328-337.
Moreau, V., Rouleau, N., & Morin, C. M. (2013). Sleep, attention, and executive functioning in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of clinical neuropsychology, 28(7), 692-699.
Morgan, A. E., Hynd, G. W., Riccio, C. A., & Hall, J. (1996). Validity of DSM-IV ADHD predominantly inattentive and combined types: relationship to previous DSM diagnoses/subtype differences. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(3), 325-333.
Munkvold, L. H., Manger, T., & Lundervold, A. J. (2014). Conners’ continuous performance test (CCPT-II) in children with ADHD, ODD, or a combined ADHD/ODD diagnosis. Child Neuropsychology, 20(1), 106-126.
Neves, S. N. H. d., & Reimão, R. (2007). Sleep disturbances in 50 children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria, 65(2A), 228-233.
Paavonen, E. J., Räikkönen, K., Lahti, J., Komsi, N., Heinonen, K., Pesonen, A.-K., . . . Porkka-Heiskanen, T. (2009). Short sleep duration and behavioral symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in healthy 7-to 8-year-old children. Pediatrics, 123(5), e857-e864.
Palm, L., Persson, E., Bjerre, I., Elmqvist, D., & Blennow, G. (1992). Sleep and wakefulness in preadolescent children with deficits in attention, motor control and perception. Acta paediatrica, 81(8), 618-624.
Paruthi, S., Brooks, L. J., D''Ambrosio, C., Hall, W. A., Kotagal, S., Lloyd, R. M., . . . Quan, S. F. (2016). Recommended amount of sleep for pediatric populations: a consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(06), 785-786.
Picchietti, D., & Walters, A. (1994). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and periodic limb movement disorder in childhood. Sleep Res, 23, 303.
Platon, M. R., Bueno, A. V., Sierra, J. E., & Kales, S. (1990). Hypnopolygraphic alterations in attention deficit disorder (ADD) children. International Journal of Neuroscience, 53(2-4), 87-101.
Quay, H. C. (1997). Inhibition and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 25(1), 7-13.
Rechtschaffen, A., & Kales, A. (1968). A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques, and Scoring Systems for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects. NIH Publication No. 204. Government Printing Office. Washington DC, 1968: Bethesda, Md., U. S. National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, Neurological Information Network, 1968.
Sadeh, A., Gruber, R., & Raviv, A. (2003). The effects of sleep restriction and extension on school‐age children: What a difference an hour makes. Child development, 74(2), 444-455.
Sadeh, A., Pergamin, L., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2006). Sleep in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of polysomnographic studies. Sleep medicine reviews, 10(6), 381-398.
Sedky, K., Bennett, D. S., & Carvalho, K. S. (2014). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and sleep disordered breathing in pediatric populations: a meta-analysis. Sleep medicine reviews, 18(4), 349-356.
Silvestri, R., Gagliano, A., Aricò, I., Calarese, T., Cedro, C., Bruni, O., . . . Siracusano, R. (2009). Sleep disorders in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) recorded overnight by video-polysomnography. Sleep Med, 10(10), 1132-1138.
Simmonds, D. J., Fotedar, S. G., Suskauer, S. J., Pekar, J. J., Denckla, M. B., & Mostofsky, S. H. (2007). Functional brain correlates of response time variability in children. Neuropsychologia, 45(9), 2147-2157.
Smedje, H., Broman, J.-E., & Hetta, J. (2001). Associations between disturbed sleep and behavioural difficulties in 635 children aged six to eight years: a study based on parents'' perceptions. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 10(1), 1-9.
Spruyt, K., & Gozal, D. (2011). Sleep disturbances in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Rev Neurother, 11(4), 565-577.
Stein, M. A., Weiss, M., & Hlavaty, L. (2012). ADHD treatments, sleep, and sleep problems: complex associations. Neurotherapeutics, 9(3), 509-517.
Strohl, K. P., & Redline, S. (1996). Recognition of obstructive sleep apnea. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 154(2), 279-289.
Tamm, L., Narad, M. E., Antonini, T. N., O’Brien, K. M., Hawk, L. W., & Epstein, J. N. (2012). Reaction time variability in ADHD: a review. Neurotherapeutics, 9(3), 500-508.
Trommer, B. L., Hoeppner, J. A. B., Lorber, R., & Armstrong, K. J. (1988). The Go—No‐Go paradigm in attention deficit disorder. Annals of Neurology, 24(5), 610-614.
Wang, L.-J., Huang, Y.-S., Chiang, Y.-L., Hsiao, C.-C., Shang, Z.-Y., & Chen, C.-K. (2011). Clinical symptoms and performance on the continuous performance test in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder between subtypes: a natural follow-up study for 6 months. BMC psychiatry, 11(1), 65.
Weissman, D. H., Warner, L., & Woldorff, M. G. (2009). Momentary reductions of attention permit greater processing of irrelevant stimuli. Neuroimage, 48(3), 609-615.
Wiggs, L., & Stores, G. (1995). Children''s sleep: how should it be assessed? Assoc Child Psychol Psychiatry Rev Newsl, 17, 153-157.
Yarkoni, T., Barch, D. M., Gray, J. R., Conturo, T. E., & Braver, T. S. (2009). BOLD correlates of trial-by-trial reaction time variability in gray and white matter: a multi-study fMRI analysis. PLoS One, 4(1), e4257.
Yoon, S. Y. R., Jain, U., & Shapiro, C. (2012). Sleep in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: past, present, and future. Sleep medicine reviews, 16(4), 371-388.
Youssef, N. A., Ege, M., Angly, S. S., Strauss, J. L., & Marx, C. E. (2011). Is obstructive sleep apnea associated with ADHD? , 23, 3, 23(3), 213-224.
劉勝義. (2011). 睡眠醫學實務. 新北市: 合記圖書出版社.
被引用:
點閱:175
評分:
下載:0
書目收藏:1
