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插入数据:

INSERT INTO `t_student` (`id`, `stuName`, `age`, `sex`, `gradeName`) VALUES('1','张三','23','','一年级');
INSERT INTO `t_student` (`id`, `stuName`, `age`, `sex`, `gradeName`) VALUES('2','张三丰','25','','二年级');
INSERT INTO `t_student` (`id`, `stuName`, `age`, `sex`, `gradeName`) VALUES('3','李四','23','','一年级');
INSERT INTO `t_student` (`id`, `stuName`, `age`, `sex`, `gradeName`) VALUES('4','王五','22','','三年级');
INSERT INTO `t_student` (`id`, `stuName`, `age`, `sex`, `gradeName`) VALUES('5','珍妮','21','','一年级');
INSERT INTO `t_student` (`id`, `stuName`, `age`, `sex`, `gradeName`) VALUES('6','李娜','26','','二年级');
INSERT INTO `t_student` (`id`, `stuName`, `age`, `sex`, `gradeName`) VALUES('7','王峰','20','','三年级');
INSERT INTO `t_student` (`id`, `stuName`, `age`, `sex`, `gradeName`) VALUES('8','梦娜','21','','二年级');
INSERT INTO `t_student` (`id`, `stuName`, `age`, `sex`, `gradeName`) VALUES('9','小黑','22','','一年级');
INSERT INTO `t_student` (`id`, `stuName`, `age`, `sex`, `gradeName`) VALUES('10','追风','25','','二年级');
INSERT INTO `t_student` (`id`, `stuName`, `age`, `sex`, `gradeName`) VALUES('11','小小张三','21',NULL,'二年级');
INSERT INTO `t_student` (`id`, `stuName`, `age`, `sex`, `gradeName`) VALUES('12','小张三','23','','二年级');
INSERT INTO `t_student` (`id`, `stuName`, `age`, `sex`, `gradeName`) VALUES('13','张三锋小','24',NULL,'二年级');

先按照第一个条件排序,如果第一个相同,那么按照第二个条件排序

SELECT * from activity_answer_info ORDER BY question_id ASC,sort DESC;

第一节:单表查询


5.1,查询所有字段

1,SELECT 字段 1,字段 2,字段 3...FROM 表名;

SELECT id,stuName,age,sex,gradeName FROM t_student ;
SELECT stuName,id,age,sex,gradeName FROM t_student ;


2,SELECT * FROM 表名;

SELECT * FROM t_student;


5.2,查询指定字段


1,SELECT 字段 1,字段 2,字段 3...FROM 表名;

SELECT stuName,gradeName FROM t_student;


5.3,Where 条件查询

1,SELECT 字段 1,字段 2,字段 3...FROM 表名 WHERE 条件表达式;

SELECT * FROM t_student WHERE id=1;
SELECT * FROM t_student WHERE age>22;



5.4,带 IN 关键字查询

1,SELECT 字段 1,字段 2,字段 3...FROM 表名 WHERE 字段 [NOT] IN (元素 1,元素 2,元素 3);

SELECT * FROM t_student WHERE age IN (21,23);
SELECT * FROM t_student WHERE age NOT IN (21,23);


5.5,带 BETWEEN AND 的范围查询

1,SELECT 字段 1,字段 2,字段 3...FROM 表名 WHERE 字段 [NOT] BETWEEN 取值 1 AND 取值 2;

SELECT * FROM t_student WHERE age BETWEEN 21 AND 24;
SELECT * FROM t_student WHERE age NOT BETWEEN 21 AND 24;



5.6,带 LIKE 的模糊查询

1,SELECT 字段 1,字段 2,字段 3...FROM 表名 WHERE 字段 [NOT] LIKE ‘字符串’;

“%”代表任意字符;
“_” 代表单个字符;

SELECT * FROM t_student WHERE stuName LIKE '张三';
SELECT * FROM t_student WHERE stuName LIKE '张三%'
SELECT * FROM t_student WHERE stuName LIKE '张三_';
SELECT * FROM t_student WHERE stuName LIKE '张三__';
SELECT * FROM t_student WHERE stuName LIKE '%张三%';



5.7,空值查询

1,SELECT 字段 1,字段 2,字段 3...FROM 表名 WHERE 字段 IS [NOT] NULL;

SELECT * FROM t_student WHERE sex IS NULL;
SELECT * FROM t_student WHERE sex IS NOT NULL;



5.8,带 AND 的多条件查询

1,SELECT 字段 1,字段 2...FROM 表名 WHERE 条件表达式 1 AND 条件表达式 2 [...AND 条件表达式 n]

SELECT * FROM t_student WHERE gradeName='一年级' AND age=23


5.9,带 OR 的多条件查询

1,SELECT 字段 1,字段 2...FROM 表名 WHERE 条件表达式 1 OR 条件表达式 2 [...OR 条件表达式 n]

SELECT * FROM t_student WHERE gradeName='一年级' OR age=23



5.10,DISTINCT 去重复查询

SELECT 字段 1,字段 2...FROM 表名 ORDER BY 属性名 [ASC|DESC]

SELECT DISTINCT gradeName FROM t_student;



5.12,GROUP BY 分组查询

GROUP BY 属性名 [HAVING 条件表达式][WITH ROLLUP]

1,单独使用(毫无意义);
2,与 GROUP_CONCAT()函数一起使用;
3,与聚合函数一起使用;
4,与 HAVING 一起使用(限制输出的结果);
5,与 WITH ROLLUP 一起使用(最后加入一个总和行);

SELECT * FROM t_student ORDER BY age ASC;
SELECT * FROM t_student ORDER BY age DESC;
SELECT * FROM t_student GROUP BY gradeName;
SELECT gradeName,GROUP_CONCAT(stuName) FROM t_student GROUP BY gradeName;
SELECT gradeName,COUNT(stuName) FROM t_student GROUP BY gradeName;
SELECT gradeName,COUNT(stuName) FROM t_student GROUP BY gradeName HAVING COUNT(stuName)>3;
SELECT gradeName,COUNT(stuName) FROM t_student GROUP BY gradeName WITH ROLLUP;
SELECT gradeName,GROUP_CONCAT(stuName) FROM t_student GROUP BY gradeName WITH ROLLUP;



5.13,LIMIT 分页查询

SELECT 字段 1,字段 2...FROM 表名 LIMIT 初始位置,记录数;

SELECT * FROM t_student LIMIT 0,5;
SELECT * FROM t_student LIMIT 5,5;
SELECT * FROM t_student LIMIT 10,5;

第二节:使用聚合函数查询

创建数据表:

CREATE TABLE `t_grade` (
    `id` INT ,
    `stuName` VARCHAR (60),
    `course` VARCHAR (60),
    `score` INT 

插入数据:

INSERT INTO `t_grade` (`id`, `stuName`, `course`, `score`) VALUES('1','张三','语文','91');
INSERT INTO `t_grade` (`id`, `stuName`, `course`, `score`) VALUES('2','张三','数学','90');
INSERT INTO `t_grade` (`id`, `stuName`, `course`, `score`) VALUES('3','张三','英语','87');
INSERT INTO `t_grade` (`id`, `stuName`, `course`, `score`) VALUES('4','李四','语文','79');
INSERT INTO `t_grade` (`id`, `stuName`, `course`, `score`) VALUES('5','李四','数学','95');
INSERT INTO `t_grade` (`id`, `stuName`, `course`, `score`) VALUES('6','李四','英语','80');
INSERT INTO `t_grade` (`id`, `stuName`, `course`, `score`) VALUES('7','王五','语文','77');
INSERT INTO `t_grade` (`id`, `stuName`, `course`, `score`) VALUES('8','王五','数学','81');
INSERT INTO `t_grade` (`id`, `stuName`, `course`, `score`) VALUES('9','王五','英语','89');



5.1,COUNT()函数

1,COUNT()函数用来统计记录的条数;

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t_grade;
SELECT COUNT(*) AS total FROM t_grade;


2,与 GOUPE BY 关键字一起使用;

SELECT stuName,COUNT(*) FROM t_grade GROUP BY stuName;



5.2,SUN()函数

1,SUM()函数是求和函数;

SELECT stuName,SUM(score) FROM t_grade WHERE stuName="张三";


2,与 GOUPE BY 关键字一起使用;

SELECT stuName,SUM(score) FROM t_grade GROUP BY stuName;



5.3,AVG()函数

1,AVG()函数是求平均值的函数;

SELECT stuName,AVG(score) FROM t_grade WHERE stuName="张三";


2,与 GOUPE BY 关键字一起使用;

SELECT stuName,AVG(score) FROM t_grade GROUP BY stuName;



5.4,MAX()函数

1,MAX()函数是求最大值的函数;

SELECT stuName,course,MAX(score) FROM t_grade WHERE stuName="张三";


2,与 GOUPE BY 关键字一起使用;

SELECT stuName,MAX(score) FROM t_grade GROUP BY stuName;



5.5,MIN()函数

1,MIN()函数是求最小值的函数;

SELECT stuName,course,MIN(score) FROM t_grade WHERE stuName="张三";


2,与 GOUPE BY 关键字一起使用;

SELECT stuName,MIN(score) FROM t_grade GROUP BY stuName;

第三节:连接查询

示例数据:

SQLyog 企业版 - MySQL GUI v8.14 MySQL - 5.1.49-community : Database - db_book ********************************************************************* /*!40101 SET NAMES utf8 */; /*!40101 SET SQL_MODE=''*/; /*!40014 SET @OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS=@@UNIQUE_CHECKS, UNIQUE_CHECKS=0 */; /*!40014 SET @OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS, FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 */; /*!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE=@@SQL_MODE, SQL_MODE='NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO' */; /*!40111 SET @OLD_SQL_NOTES=@@SQL_NOTES, SQL_NOTES=0 */; CREATE DATABASE /*!32312 IF NOT EXISTS*/`db_book` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 */; USE `db_book`; /*Table structure for table `t_book` */ DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `t_book`; CREATE TABLE `t_book` ( `id` INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `bookName` VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT NULL, `price` DECIMAL(6,2) DEFAULT NULL, `author` VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT NULL, `bookTypeId` INT(11) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`) ) ENGINE=INNODB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; /*Data for the table `t_book` */ INSERT INTO `t_book`(`id`,`bookName`,`price`,`author`,`bookTypeId`) VALUES (1,'Java编程思想','100.00','埃史尔',1),(2,'Java从入门到精通','80.00','李钟尉',1),(3,'三剑客','70.00','大仲马',2),(4,'生理学(第二版)','24.00','刘先国',4); /*Table structure for table `t_booktype` */ DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `t_booktype`; CREATE TABLE `t_booktype` ( `id` INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `bookTypeName` VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`) ) ENGINE=INNODB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; /*Data for the table `t_booktype` */ INSERT INTO `t_booktype`(`id`,`bookTypeName`) VALUES (1,'计算机类'),(2,'文学类'),(3,'教育类'); /*!40101 SET SQL_MODE=@OLD_SQL_MODE */; /*!40014 SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS */; /*!40014 SET UNIQUE_CHECKS=@OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS */; /*!40111 SET SQL_NOTES=@OLD_SQL_NOTES */;

连接查询是将两个或两个以上的表按照某个条件连接起来,从中选取需要的数据;

SELECT * FROM t_book,t_bookType;

得出的是笛卡尔积。

假设集合A={a, b},集合B={0, 1, 2},则两个集合的笛卡尔积为{(a, 0), (a, 1), (a, 2), (b, 0), (b, 1), (b, 2)}。

这样子出来的数据不是我们想要的。我们需要进行筛选。


3.1,内连接查询

内连接查询是一种最常用的连接查询。内连接查询可以查询两个或者两个以上的表;

SELECT * FROM t_book,t_bookType WHERE t_book.bookTypeId=t_bookType.id;

优化一下:

SELECT bookName,author,bookTypeName FROM t_book,t_bookType WHERE t_book.bookTypeId=t_bookType.id;
SELECT tb.bookName,tb.author,tby.bookTypeName FROM t_book tb,t_bookType tby WHERE tb.bookTypeId=tby.id;



3.2,外连接查询

外连接可以查出某一张表的所有信息;

SELECT 属性名列表 FROM 表名 1 LEFT|RIGHT JOIN 表名 2 ON 表名 1.属性名 1=表名 2.属性名 2;


3.2.1 左连接查询

可以查询出“表名 1”的所有记录,而“表名 2”中,只能查询出匹配的记录;

SELECT * FROM t_book LEFT JOIN t_bookType ON t_book.bookTypeId=t_bookType.id;
SELECT tb.bookName,tb.author,tby.bookTypeName FROM t_book tb LEFT JOIN t_bookType tby ON tb.bookTypeId=tby.id;


3.2.2 右连接查询

可以查询出“表名 2”的所有记录,而“表名 1”中,只能查询出匹配的记录;

SELECT * FROM t_book RIGHT JOIN t_bookType ON t_book.bookTypeId=t_bookType.id;
SELECT tb.bookName,tb.author,tby.bookTypeName FROM t_book tb RIGHT JOIN t_bookType tby ON tb.bookTypeId=tby.id;


3.3,多条件连接查询

SELECT tb.bookName,tb.author,tby.bookTypeName FROM t_book tb,t_bookType tby WHERE tb.bookTypeId=tby.id AND tb.price>70;



第四节:子查询

增加示例数据:

SQLyog 企业版 - MySQL GUI v8.14 MySQL - 5.1.49-community ********************************************************************* /* !40101 SET NAMES utf8 */ ; CREATE TABLE `t_pricelevel` ( `id` INT , `priceLevel` INT , `price` FLOAT , `description` VARCHAR ( 300 ) INSERT INTO `t_pricelevel` (`id`, `priceLevel`, `price`, `description`) VALUES ( ' 1 ' , ' 1 ' , ' 80.00 ' , ' 价格贵的书 ' ); INSERT INTO `t_pricelevel` (`id`, `priceLevel`, `price`, `description`) VALUES ( ' 2 ' , ' 2 ' , ' 60.00 ' , ' 价格适中的书 ' ); INSERT INTO `t_pricelevel` (`id`, `priceLevel`, `price`, `description`) VALUES ( ' 3 ' , ' 3 ' , ' 40.00 ' , ' 价格便宜的书 ' );


4.1 带 In 关键字的子查询

一个查询语句的条件可能落在另一个 SELECT 语句的查询结果中。

SELECT * FROM t_book WHERE booktypeId IN (SELECT id FROM t_booktype);
SELECT * FROM t_book WHERE booktypeId NOT IN (SELECT id FROM t_booktype);



4.2 带比较运算符的子查询

子查询可以使用比较运算符。

SELECT * FROM t_book WHERE price>=(SELECT price FROM t_pricelevel WHERE priceLevel=1);



4.3 带 Exists 关键字的子查询

假如子查询查询到记录,则进行外层查询,否则,不执行外层查询;

SELECT * FROM t_book WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM t_booktype);
SELECT * FROM t_book WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM t_booktype);



4.4 带 Any 关键字的子查询

ANY 关键字表示满足其中任一条件;

SELECT * FROM t_book WHERE price>= ANY (SELECT price FROM t_pricelevel);



4.5 带 All 关键字的子查询

ALL 关键字表示满足所有条件;

SELECT * FROM t_book WHERE price>= ALL (SELECT price FROM t_pricelevel);



第五节:合并查询结果

5.1 UNION

使用 UNION 关键字是,数据库系统会将所有的查询结果合并到一起,然后去除掉相同的记录;

SELECT id FROM t_book;
SELECT id FROM t_booktype;
SELECT id FROM t_book UNION SELECT id FROM t_booktype;



5.2 UNION ALL

使用 UNION ALL,不会去除掉系统的记录;

SELECT id FROM t_book UNION ALL SELECT id FROM t_booktype;


第六节:为表和字段取别名


6.1 为表取别名

格式: 表名 表的别名

SELECT * FROM t_book WHERE id=1;
SELECT * FROM t_book t WHERE t.id=1;


6.2 为字段取别名

格式: 属性名 [AS] 别名

SELECT t.bookName FROM t_book t WHERE t.id=1;
SELECT t.bookName bName FROM t_book t WHERE t.id=1;
SELECT t.bookName AS bName FROM t_book t WHERE t.id=1;