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Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi.
2022 Nov 15; 24(11): 1281–1287.
Language:
Chinese
|
English
腺相关病毒介导的基因疗法在溶酶体贮积症中的应用
Application of adeno-associated virus-mediated gene therapy in lysosomal storage diseases
,
综述
,
,
and
,
审校
林 雪芹
中南大学湘雅医院儿科/湖南省儿童脑发育障碍性疾病临床医学研究中心, ,湖南
410008
王 晓乐
中南大学湘雅医院儿科/湖南省儿童脑发育障碍性疾病临床医学研究中心, ,湖南
410008
彭 镜
中南大学湘雅医院儿科/湖南省儿童脑发育障碍性疾病临床医学研究中心, ,湖南
中南大学湘雅医院儿科/湖南省儿童脑发育障碍性疾病临床医学研究中心, ,湖南
410008
Corresponding author.
静脉输注招募中
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT03533673","term_id":"NCT03533673"}}
NCT03533673
Pompe病rAAV9-DES-hGAA
肌内注射完成
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02240407","term_id":"NCT02240407"}}
NCT02240407
Pompe病rAAV1-CMV-GAA
肌内注射完成
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00976352","term_id":"NCT00976352"}}
NCT00976352
Pompe病 (晚发型)SPK-3006
静脉注射招募中
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04093349","term_id":"NCT04093349"}}
NCT04093349
Pompe病 (晚发型)AAV8 (AT845)
静脉注射招募中
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04174105","term_id":"NCT04174105"}}
NCT04174105
黏多糖贮积症Ⅰ型rAAV2/6 (SB-318)
静脉注射终止
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02702115","term_id":"NCT02702115"}}
NCT02702115
黏多糖贮积症Ⅱ型rAAV2/6 (SB-913)
静脉注射终止
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT03041324","term_id":"NCT03041324"}}
NCT03041324
黏多糖贮积症Ⅲ型rAAV2/5-hNAGLU
NAGLU
脑内注射完成
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT03300453","term_id":"NCT03300453"}}
NCT03300453
黏多糖贮积症ⅢA型AAVrh10-h.SGSH (LYS-SAF302)
脑内注射招募结束
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT03612869","term_id":"NCT03612869"}}
NCT03612869
黏多糖贮积症ⅢA型scAAV9.U1a.hSGSH (ABO-102)
静脉注射招募中
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04360265","term_id":"NCT04360265"}}
NCT04360265
黏多糖贮积症ⅢA型SAF-301
脑内注射完成
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02053064","term_id":"NCT02053064"}}
NCT02053064
黏多糖贮积症ⅢA型scAAV9.U1a.hSGSH (ABO-102)
静脉注射终止
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04088734","term_id":"NCT04088734"}}
NCT04088734
黏多糖贮积症ⅢB型rAAV9.CMV.hNAGLU (ABO-101)
NAGLU
静脉注射招募中
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04655911","term_id":"NCT04655911"}}
NCT04655911
黏多糖贮积症Ⅵ型AAV2/8.TBG.hARSB
静脉输注招募结束
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT03173521","term_id":"NCT03173521"}}
NCT03173521
神经元蜡样质脂褐质沉积症6型scAAV9.CB.CLN6 (AT-GTX-501)
鞘内注射完成
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02725580","term_id":"NCT02725580"}}
NCT02725580
神经元蜡样质脂褐质沉积症2型AAV2CUhCLN2
颅内注射完成
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00151216","term_id":"NCT00151216"}}
NCT00151216
神经元蜡样质脂褐质沉积症2型AAVrh.10CUhCLN2
-完成
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01161576","term_id":"NCT01161576"}}
NCT01161576
神经元蜡样质脂褐质沉积症2型AAVrh.10CUCLN2
-完成
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01414985","term_id":"NCT01414985"}}
NCT01414985
儿童神经元蜡样质脂褐质沉积症ScAAV9-CLN3 (AT-GTX-502)
鞘内注射招募结束
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT03770572","term_id":"NCT03770572"}}
NCT03770572
神经元蜡样质脂褐质沉积症AAV9/CLN7
鞘内注射招募中
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04737460","term_id":"NCT04737460"}}
NCT04737460
异染性脑白质营养不良AAVrh.10cuARSA
颅内注射招募结束
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01801709","term_id":"NCT01801709"}}
NCT01801709
GM1神经节苷脂贮积症AAVrh.10-β gal (LYS-GM101)
肠内注射招募中
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04273269","term_id":"NCT04273269"}}
NCT04273269
GM1神经节苷脂贮积症AAV9-GLB1
静脉注射招募中
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT03952637","term_id":"NCT03952637"}}
NCT03952637
GM2神经节苷脂贮积症AAVrh.8 (AXO-AAV-GM2)
HEXA
/
HEXB
双侧丘脑和脑室内/鞘内输注招募
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04669535","term_id":"NCT04669535"}}
NCT04669535
戈谢病, 1型FLT201
静脉注射招募结束
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT05324943","term_id":"NCT05324943"}}
NCT05324943
戈谢病, 2型PR001
椎管内给药招募
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04411654","term_id":"NCT04411654"}}
NCT04411654
法布里病AAVS3 (FLT190)
-招募
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04455230","term_id":"NCT04455230"}}
NCT04455230
法布里病AAVS3 (FLT190)
静脉滴注招募
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04040049","term_id":"NCT04040049"}}
NCT04040049
法布里病AAV2/6 (ST-920)
静脉注射招募
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04046224","term_id":"NCT04046224"}}
NCT04046224
法布里病4D-310
静脉注射招募
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04519749","term_id":"NCT04519749"}}
NCT04519749
法布里病AAV2/6 (ST-920)
静脉注射招募
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT05039866","term_id":"NCT05039866"}}
NCT05039866
3.1. Pompe病
Pompe病又称糖原贮积症Ⅱ型(glycogen storage disease type Ⅱ,GSD Ⅱ),是一种由17号染色体酸性α-葡萄糖苷酶(acid α-glucosidase,GAA)缺乏所引起糖原在心脏、骨骼肌和运动神经元中积累的遗传代谢性疾病
[
8
]
。根据发病年龄分为婴儿型和晚发型。婴儿型Pompe病以心脏受累为主,晚发型Pompe病多累及运动神经元,两者预后均不佳
[
9
-
10
]
。自2006年ERT面世以来,给许多患者带来希望。然而ERT的局限性逐渐显现:(1)抗体反应:不少患者使用后出现持续高抗重组人类α-葡萄糖苷酶滴度状态;(2)治疗周期长,需要频繁注射,具有输液相关风险;(3)重组的蛋白不能通过血脑屏障,无法治疗有神经系统症状的患者,对晚发型Pompe病患者治疗效果不佳
[
11
-
12
]
。从2002年开始,以AAV作为载体治疗Pompe病的研究已经在动物中得以开展,并不断优化以促进其临床应用:(1)从单一血清型的AAV到杂交血清型的AAV
[
13
]
;(2)不断优化rAAV的策略,如根据靶向器官选择CMV、DES、CB、LSP等启动子
[
14
]
;(3)改进给药方式:婴儿型Pompe病多选择静脉注射、肌内注射;晚发型多选择中枢神经系统靶向治疗,肝定向治疗在成人患者中也是一种方法
[
15
-
16
]
。Falk等
[
17
]
发现与ERT治疗的小鼠相比,AAV2/9-DES-h
GAA
治疗后的
GAA
-/-
小鼠在心肌和呼吸肌中显示GAA活性增加,糖原积累减少。此外,AAV2/9-DES-h
GAA
治疗后的
GAA
-/-
小鼠呼吸功能有显著变化,表明部分纠正了下运动神经元功能。Lee等
[
15
]
发现脑室内注射AAV9/3-Syn-I-h
GAA
后,通过降低大脑和脊髓的糖原积累,减少星形胶质细胞增生和增加髓鞘形成,使Pompe病小鼠的运动协调功能得以改善。2009年,用于治疗Pompe病的AAV临床试验(
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00976352","term_id":"NCT00976352"}}
NCT00976352
)首次在佛罗里达大学展开,该试验证明rAAV1-h
GAA
对治疗慢性呼吸机依赖的Pompe病患儿是有效和安全的,但该试验只纳入10名患儿
[
18
]
。近年来,越来越多相关的临床试验已开展(clinicaltrials.gov),2016年开展“在晚发型Pompe病患者中肌内注射重组AAV酸性α-葡萄糖苷酶(rAAV9-DES-h
GAA
)”的Ⅰ期对照研究(
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02240407","term_id":"NCT02240407"}}
NCT02240407
),评估该载体的毒理学、生物分布和潜在活性;2018年至今开展的临床研究多集中在“不同的重组腺相关病毒[AAV2/8-LSPh
GAA
(ACTUS-101)、AT845、SPK-3006]在晚发型Pompe病中的应用”,旨在探索用于晚发型Pompe病的rAAV血清型和启动子最佳组合策略。“可用于治疗Pompe病的组合物”的专利(CN114127275A)在2022年2月通过,该专利提供了一种可用于治疗Pompe病的rAAV-AAVhu68.CB6.h
GAA
[
19
]
。尽管目前很多临床试验仍处于进展阶段,但根据动物实验及已完成的临床试验结果不难发现,对晚发型Pompe病患者而言,AAV介导的基因治疗似乎是一种更可行的治疗方法。
3.2. MPS
MPS是由降解黏多糖的酶缺乏所引起的多组织器官受损的一组疾病,发病率为1/25 000~1/30 000
[
20
]
。根据特定酶的缺乏将MPS分为7种类型,其临床表现多样,常累及多个器官系统
[
21
]
。其中MPS Ⅱ型为最常见的类型,而MPS Ⅲ型神经系统受累最严重,可导致神经退行性变、进行性智力障碍和发育倒退
[
22
]
。2020年国内首个ERT特异性治疗药物——艾度硫酸酯酶β注射液上市,填补了MPS Ⅱ的临床治疗的空白
[
23
]
。ERT已经广泛用于MPS Ⅳ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ-A、Ⅵ、Ⅶ型,但在有神经系统症状的MPS中疗效甚微
[
24
]
。造血干细胞移植疗法虽然能够治疗有神经系统症状的MPS,但对MPSⅢ型无效。因此,近年来美国及一些欧洲国家开展了该病的基因治疗,主要涉及MPS Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型。Hinderer等
[
25
]
研究表明,鞘内注射AAV9-h
IDUA
能够减少MPS Ⅰ型小狗的脑生化异常和底物的积累,具有剂量依赖性;此外,在MPS Ⅰ、ⅡB型小狗实验中证实单次注射AAV5.5-h
IDUA
、rAAV5-h
NAGLU
可以治疗和预防其神经系统的病理改变,且该实验结果可以重复,为临床试验的开展奠定了基础
[
26
]
。Hinderer等
[
27
]
发现将AAV9.CB.h
IDS
递送到脑脊液可以作为MPS Ⅱ型小鼠中枢神经系统高效、长期递送酶的平台;Winner等
[
28
]
发现在MPS Ⅲ A大鼠脑实质内给予AAVrh10-
SGSH
-IRES-SUMF1可以实现广泛的酶分布和更好地矫正病理改变;Gutiérrez等
[
29
]
构建出含有人
GALNS
基因并由CMV免疫早期启动子驱动的AAV衍生载体,实现了MPS Ⅳ型基因治疗的第一步。目前大多临床试验都集中在MPS Ⅲ型(
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02053064","term_id":"NCT02053064"}}
NCT02053064
;
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04088734","term_id":"NCT04088734"}}
NCT04088734
;
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT03612869","term_id":"NCT03612869"}}
NCT03612869
;
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04655911","term_id":"NCT04655911"}}
NCT04655911
;
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04360265","term_id":"NCT04360265"}}
NCT04360265
),尽管这些临床试验结果目前仍未报道,但就动物实验的结果而言,AAV介导的基因治疗在MPS中有较好的前景,其rAAV构建中,仍以AAV9血清型最为常见,启动子以CB为主,常用注射方式为鞘内注射。此外,专利“一种腺相关病毒双重载体基因治疗系统及其在治疗黏多糖贮积症Ⅱ型中的应用”(CN 111110865 A)在2020年5月通过,该发明为MPS Ⅱ型的临床治疗提供了有效的治疗手段
[
30
]
。AAV介导的基因疗法有望成为伴神经系统损害的MPS患者的优先疗法。
3.3. NCL
NCL又称为Batten病,是一组由脂褐素沉积所致的进行性加重的神经退行性疾病,以智力和运动功能障碍、癫痫、痴呆、视力减退为主要表现
[
31
]
。至今已有14个基因(
CLN1
~
CLN14
)被报道与该病相关(
www.ucl.ac.uk/ncl
)。研究表明,不需要通过血脑屏障的ERT,如鞘内注射,可以显著缓解神经系统症状,减缓病程
[
32
]
。目前只有
CLN2
缺陷患者的脑室内ERT——Brineura被美国食品药物管理局批准,但仍需终生注射。其余NCL主要予抗癫痫药物对症治疗
[
33
]
。Cabrera-Salazar等
[
34
]
和Sondhi等
[
35
]
研究表明颅内注射AAVrh10.h
TPP1
和AA2/1.h
TPP1
的
CLN2
-/-
大鼠有更好的运动功能、更长的寿命、反应性胶质细胞的增生及轴突变性情况的减少。Sondhi等
[
36
]
在
CLN3
-/-
的新生小鼠中进行颅内注射AAVrh.10.CAG.h
CLN3
后发现,沉积的物质和星形胶质细胞活化减少,但在18个月时未治疗的小鼠未出现明显的运动缺陷,故未评估其行为和运动功能。另一个研究也表明,静脉注射AAV2/9.hH
CLN3
可以纠正
CLN3
-/-
小鼠的运动缺陷
[
37
]
。Kleine Holthaus等
[
38
]
发现在
CLN6
-/-
新生小鼠的双侧脑室内注射AAV9.h
CLN6
后,小鼠寿命延长90%以上且在给药后23个月内保持运动功能。Mitchell等
[
39
]
对
CLN5
-/-
的羊进行颅内注射AAV2/9后,其生存时间也显著延长。NCL动物实验中rAAV的构建主要以较为成熟的AAV2/9血清型为主,这些实验都为NCL临床试验的开展奠定了基础。2004年,第一个AAV介导的基因治疗试验在
CLN2
缺陷患儿中进行(
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00151216","term_id":"NCT00151216"}}
NCT00151216
),该试验纳入了11名儿童,分为中度(6名)和重度(5名)2组,通过手术直接颅内注射AAV2CUh
CLN2
,随访4年后Worgall等
[
40
]
发现该治疗减慢了疾病进程,但有一名受试者在第14天出现癫痫持续状态并在术后49 d死亡,未发现中枢神经系统炎症的证据;40%患者对AAV2衣壳蛋白出现轻微、短暂的体液免疫反应。故为进一步评估AAV介导
CLN2
基因治疗的安全性和有效性,又开展了临床试验
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01414985","term_id":"NCT01414985"}}
NCT01414985
、
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01161576","term_id":"NCT01161576"}}
NCT01161576
,并针对之前出现的体液反应,将rAAV载体血清型调整为AAVrh.10,目前结果未见相关报道。
CLN6
、
CLN3
和
CLN7
的临床试验
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02725580","term_id":"NCT02725580"}}
NCT02725580
、
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT03770572","term_id":"NCT03770572"}}
NCT03770572
、
{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04737460","term_id":"NCT04737460"}}
NCT04737460
目前也在开展中。与此同时,越来越多NCL AAV介导的基因疗法的专利被发明。2021年以来,已通过ScAAV9.CB.
CLN6
、ScAAV9.P546.CLN3、AAV2-CAG-人
TPP1
等rAAV专利
[
41
-
43
]
,这些专利进一步推动了AAV介导的基因疗法在NCL的临床应用。
4. 展望
AAV作为基因治疗中的“明星载体”,截至2022年9月15日在ClinialTrials.gov注册的AAV临床研究高达292项。然而,AAV介导的基因治疗也存在一些局限性:(1)许多人的血清中存在一些AAV血清型的抗体,比如AAV2、AAV1、AAV9,此外这些抗体可能与其他血清型会发生抗体反应;(2)小容量性,AAV的容量仅4.7 kb;(3)多数基因治疗存在的共同问题,比如潜在的致瘤性和不可预测的风险。随着基因工程的发展,这些问题被不断优化,如在治疗前,先筛查患者体内的AAV抗体;通过双载体或三载体提高其基因容量性。从上述内容中,我们发现AAV介导的基因疗法已在小鼠、猫、狗、羊等动物中开展;目前已完成的临床试验结果表明AAV介导的基因治疗有望成为治愈LSDs患者的有效手段,特别是在Pompe病、MPS、NCL等病中。尽管如此,AAV介导的基因疗法在LSDs的临床应用中仍有很长的路要走。就给药方式而言,尽管中枢神经系统在免疫上拥有“特权”,较少发生免疫反应,但多次颅内给药仍可能会导致癫痫发作,甚至使神经系统症状的LSDs转变成内脏症状的LSDs。此外,目前所开展的临床试验存在一个共性——纳入的受试者较少。再者,其费用也是医患关注的问题,2021年治疗脊髓肌萎缩症的诺西那生钠注射液纳入医保后,每支从70万元降至3.3万元,给很多罕见病家庭带去了希望。随着基因治疗产业链的不断完善及国家医保的大力支持,相信会有越来越多家庭受益于基因治疗。
基金资助
湖南省重点研发计划项目(2022SK2036)。
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Articles from
Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics
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