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Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2022 Jun 28; 47(6): 801–808.
PMCID: PMC10930023

Language: Chinese | English

一个发作性共济失调2型家系的临床表现及 CACNA1A 基因突变

Clinical features and CACNA1A gene mutation in a family with episodic ataxia type 2

徐 迎晖

中南大学湘雅医院老年病学神经内科, 410008

Find articles by 徐 迎晖

王 智沁

中南大学湘雅医院老年病学神经内科, 410008

国家老年疾病临床研究中心(湘雅医院), 410008

Find articles by 王 智沁

孙 启英

中南大学湘雅医院老年病学神经内科, 410008

国家老年疾病临床研究中心(湘雅医院), 410008

Find articles by 孙 启英

周 琳

中南大学湘雅医院老年病学神经内科, 410008

国家老年疾病临床研究中心(湘雅医院), 410008

Find articles by 周 琳

许 宏伟

中南大学湘雅医院老年病学神经内科, 410008

国家老年疾病临床研究中心(湘雅医院), 410008

Find articles by 许 宏伟

胡 雅岑

中南大学湘雅医院老年病学神经内科, 410008

国家老年疾病临床研究中心(湘雅医院), 中南大学湘雅医院老年病学神经内科, 410008

国家老年疾病临床研究中心(湘雅医院), 410008
corresponding author Corresponding author.
胡雅岑 ,Email: moc.361@34necayuh , ORCID: 0000-0002-1199-4659
CACNA1A 基因, 临床表现, 突变, 不完全外显

Abstract

Episodic ataxia (EA) is a group of disorders characterized by recurrent spells of vertigo, truncal ataxia, and dysarthria. Episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2), the most common subtype of EA, is an autosomal dominant disease caused by mutation of the CACNA1A gene. EA2 has been rarely reported in the Chinese population. Here we present an EA2 family admitted to Xiangya Hospital in October 2018. The proband was a 22-year-old male who complained of recurrent spells of vertigo, slurred speech, and incoordination for 4 years. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed cerebellar atrophy. He had neuropsychological development disorder in childhood, and cognitive assessment in adulthood showed cognitive impairment. The proband’s mother and grandmother had a similar history. Peripheral blood samples from the proband and family members were collected, and genomic DNA was isolated. Whole exome sequencing of the proband detected a heterozygous frameshift mutation c.2042_2043del (p.Q681Rfs*100) of CACNA1A gene. This mutation was verified in the proband and 2 family members using Sanger sequencing. One family member carrying this mutation was free of symptoms and signs, suggesting an incomplete penetrance of the mutation. We reported a variant c.2042_2043del of CACNA1A gene as the pathogenic mutation in a Chinese EA2 family for the first time. This case enriched the clinical spectrum of CACNA1A related EA2, and contributed to the understanding of clinical and genetic characteristics of EA2 to reduce misdiagnosis.

Keywords: episodic ataxia type 2, CACNA1A gene, clinical menifestation, mutation, incomplete penetrance

发作性共济失调(episodic ataxia,EA)是一组由于编码离子通道的基因突变所致的发作性疾病,以反复发作性头晕、共济失调、构音障碍为主要临床特征,可伴眼球震颤、肢体无力、偏头痛、癫痫、认知障碍等其他神经系统症状。大多数为常染色体显性遗传,但也有散发病例报道。EA具有一定的临床异质性和遗传异质性,根据临床表现和遗传学特征,将EA分为8个亚型(EA1~8)。目前有5个亚型的致病基因已被克隆,分别是: KCNA1 (EA1), CACNA1A (EA2), CACNB4 (EA5), SCL1A3 (EA6), UBR4 (EA8) [ 1 ]

EA2(OMIM:108500)是EA最常见的类型,致病基因为 CACNA1A [ 2 ] 。目前已有超过80个与EA2相关的 CACNA1A 突变报道,但在中国人群中, CACNA1A 突变导致EA2的报道罕见 [ 3 - 4 ] 。现将中南大学湘雅医院(以下简称我院)收治的1例 CACNA1A 突变导致的EA2先证者及其家系报告如下。

1. 病例资料

1.1. 一般资料

先证者(III꞉2)为青年男性,22岁,因“反复发作性头晕4年,加重1年”于2018年12月26日入院。患者自4年前起,反复出现发作性头晕,表现为视物旋转、走路不稳,同时伴有言语含糊及上肢笨拙,严重时伴恶心、呕吐,无头痛、发热、耳鸣,无意识障碍、肢体麻木无力、肌肉跳动,每次发作持续1~3 h,卧床休息后可自行缓解。常因活动过多、劳累、精神压力诱发,发作频率为每年1~2次,发作间歇期除自幼出现的言语含糊无其他症状。近1年来,发作频率增加至每月1~2次,发作持续时间延长,有时持续数天,发作间歇期言语含糊加重,但无明显肢体动作不协调或走路不稳表现。在当地医院就诊,诊断为“神经官能症”,给予相应治疗后症状无好转,为求进一步诊治收住我院。患者幼时自学说话起便有言语含糊,学龄期有学习困难,学习成绩差,曾在当地医院诊断为“自闭症”。初中毕业后在工厂从事简单的工作,工作能力较差,沉默寡言,不喜与人交流。入院时(间歇期)体格检查:神志清楚,言语欠流利,构音障碍,眼球活动到位,未见明显眼球震颤。指鼻及跟膝胫试验稳准,一字步正常,昂伯征睁眼、闭眼均阴性。入院后完善血常规、血糖、血脂、肝肾功能、电解质、凝血常规、甲状腺功能、输血前四项、红细胞沉降率、铜蓝蛋白、风湿免疫全套、维生素全套等,均未见明显异常。经颅多普勒超声(transcranial Doppler,TCD)发泡实验为强阳性(+++)。右心声学造影强阳性,结合心脏彩色多普勒超声检查,考虑卵圆孔未闭。动态脑电图示:睡眠期阵发较多不对称慢波,对称欠佳,以右侧稍显,以中央区、颞区稍著。头颅MRI平扫显示小脑萎缩( 图1 ),头颅磁共振血管成像(magnetic resonance angiography,MRA)及磁敏感成像未见明显异常。周围神经肌电图未见明显异常。简易精神状态检查(Mini-Mental State Examination,MMSE)30分,蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Montreal Cognitive Assessment,MoCA)26分,其中立方体复制( 图2 A)以及画钟试验( 图2 B)提示存在视空间/执行功能障碍。给予丙戊酸钠缓释片(0.5 g,每日2次)口服,服药1个月后患者诉发作频率较前增加,且发作间歇期头晕未完全缓解,停服后上述症状好转。

家系先证者头颅 MRI 显示小脑萎缩,前蚓部最为明显

Figure 1 Brain MRI of the proband showing cerebellum atrophy, especially in the anterior vermis

A: T2-weighted axial image; B: T1-weighted sagittal image.

家系先证者 (III꞉2) 立方体复制 (A) 以及画钟试验 (B) 结果提示存在视空间执行功能障碍

Figure 2 Cube copying test (A) and clock drawing test (B) performed by the proband (III꞉2) indicate visuospatial and executive dysfunction

该家系3代共有3例存在临床症状的患者( 图3 ),符合常染色体显性遗传特点。先证者的母亲(II꞉4,51岁),30年前起出现类似发作性头晕、走路不稳及吐词不清,但程度轻,休息后自行缓解,每次发作持续数小时至数天不等,发作频率为每年1~2次,发作间期神经系统体格检查未见明显异常。先证者外婆 (Ⅰ꞉2)已故,年轻时有类似病史。家系中其他成员均无神经精神疾病及发作性疾病病史,详细的神经系统体格检查未见明显异常。

先证者 (III꞉2) 家系图

Figure 3 Family diagram of the proband (III꞉2)

The box represents male, the circle represents female, the oblique lines represents family member passed away. Symptomatic individuals carrying mutation p.Q681Rfs*100 are denoted by black symbols, asymptomatic individual carrying mutation p.Q681Rfs*100 is denoted by gray symbols. The proband (III꞉2) is indicated by black arrow.

所有受试者均签署知情同意书,本研究得到中南大学湘雅医院医学伦理委员会批准(审批号:202206145)。

1.2. 基因诊断

1.2.1. 诊断流程

所有家系成员(除已故者Ⅰ꞉2)均抽取外周静脉血10 mL(枸橼酸钠抗凝)。用QIAamp外周血DNA提取试剂盒(QIAamp公司,德国)提取基因组DNA。

采用目标区域捕获联合高通量测序技术对先证者进行全外显子测序。对先证者DNA样品,采用Nextera Rapid Capture Exome试剂盒(Illumina公司,美国)以及SureSelect Human All Exon V6试剂盒(Agilent公司,美国)构建文库。将构建好的文库借助Illumina HiSeq X ten测序仪(Illumina公司,美国)进行测序。得到的测序数据经美国国家生物技术信息中心(National Center for Biotechnology Information,NCBI)数据库、外显子组整合数据库(Exome Aggregation Consortium Dataset,ExAC)、千人基因组数据库(1000 Human Genome Dataset,1000 Genomes)过滤,去除同义变异、内含子变异以及在数据库中人群频率大于5%的变异,并匹配人类基因突变数据库(Human Gene Mutation Database,HGMD)。

根据全外显子测序所得到的基因变异位点,结合相关的临床症状和资料,对 CACNA1A 基因可疑变异位点进行Sanger测序验证。使用Primer Primier 5.0软件设计引物,正向引物为5'-AAACATTCTCCCA-CCGCCTC-3',反向引物为5'-AAGGAGAAGCCAA-CACGGAG-3'。引物由生工(上海)生物有限公司合成。PCR的反应条件为:95 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性30 s;65 ℃退火1 min;72 ℃延伸1 min,共35个循环;最后72 ℃延伸7 min。扩增产物长度为 525 bp。PCR产物用DNA纯化回收试剂盒[天根生化科技(北京)有限公司]进行纯化,用ABI 3130基因测序分析仪(Applied Biosystems公司,美国)对纯化后的PCR产物进行测序。

1.2.2. 结果

家系成员的临床表现及 CACNA1A 基因突变检测结果见 表1 。全外显子测序发现先证者 CACNA1A 基因( {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"NM_001127221.1","term_id":"187828879","term_text":"NM_001127221.1"}} NM_001127221.1 )第16外显子上存在1个杂合移码变异c.2042_2043del(p.Q681Rfs*100)。Sanger测序与全外显子测序结果一致。该变异位于 CACNA1A 基因所编码蛋白质的第2个同源结构域中第5和第6个跨膜区段(S5~6)之间的胞外环上( 图4 A),导致第681号氨基酸由谷氨酸突变为精氨酸并产生新的阅读框,终止于第681号密码子下游100号密码子处。对家系成员进行该位点测序验证,结果显示先证者的母亲(II꞉4)以及先证者的姨妈(II꞉5)携带该变异( 图4 B),家系中其他成员均未携带该变异。

表1

EA2 家系成员临床表现及 CACNA1A 基因突变情况

Table 1 Clinical manifestations and CACNA1A gene mutation of EA2 family members

家系成员 性别 年龄 临床表现 基因型
Ⅰ꞉1 75岁 正常 Wt
Ⅰ꞉2 已故 发病年龄不详,发作性眩晕、言语含糊和共济失调 Nd
II꞉1 57岁 正常 Wt
II꞉2 54岁 正常 Wt
II꞉3 53岁 正常 Wt
II꞉4 51岁 21岁起病,发作性眩晕、言语含糊和共济失调;间歇期无异常 Mt
II꞉5 48岁 正常 Mt
II꞉6 46岁 正常 Wt
III꞉1 26岁 正常 Wt
III꞉2 22岁 自幼出现言语含糊,学习成绩差;18岁出现发作性眩晕、言语含糊和共济失调;发作间期言语含糊进行性加重 Mt

Wt:未携带c.2042_2043del (p.Q681Rfs*100)突变;Mt:携带c.2042_2043del (p.Q681Rfs*100)突变;Nd:未检测。

An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc. Object name is ZhongNanDaXueXueBaoYiXueBan-47-6-801-g004.jpg

CACNA1A 变异位置 c.2042_2043del (p.Q681Rfs*100) 以及 Sanger 测序图

Figure 4 Localization and sequencing diagram of the mutation c.2042_2043del (p.Q681Rfs*100) in CACNA1A

A: Cav2.1 encoded by CACNA1A has 4 homologous domains (Ⅰ-Ⅳ), each consisting of 6 transmembrane segments (S1-6) and an additional pore loop located between S5 and S6. The location of the mutation found in present family is indicated by red asterisk. B: Sequencing diagram of the heterozygous mutation c.2042_2043del (p.Q681Rfs*100) of CACNA1A .

该变异导致所编码的蛋白质翻译提前终止,产生无功能蛋白质,而功能缺失(loss-of-function,LOF)已证实为 CACNA1A 基因突变导致EA2的致病机制 [ 5 - 6 ] ,支持该变异为致病性变异。此外,该变异在ExAC、1000 Genomes中均未见报道,在多个EA2家系中已有报道并与疾病表型共分离 [ 7 - 10 ] ,且已被HGMD和ClinVar数据库收录(VCV000420056.13),考虑该变异为致病变异。

2. 讨 论

EA2是EA最常见的类型,多数在儿童期发病,一般发病年龄不超过20岁,但也有50岁后发病的报道 [ 1 , 11 ] 。典型的临床表现是反复发作性眩晕、共济失调、构音障碍,可伴有恶心、呕吐、头痛,发作期少见的伴随症状有复视、耳鸣、偏瘫、发热、腹痛、眼睑下垂,发作期体格检查可发现典型的自发性眼球震颤。发作持续数小时至数日,较EA1(数秒至数分钟)持续时间长,发作频率从每周数次至数年1次不等。诱发因素包括体力活动、精神压力、咖啡碱、乙醇以及药物(如苯妥英钠)。发作间期可无任何症状,也可出现进行性小脑性共济失调,表现为进行性加重的步态障碍、肢体不协调、构音障碍,体格检查可见凝视诱发的眼球震颤、自发性下跳性眼球震颤等各类型的眼球震颤。MRI可显示小脑萎缩,以前蚓部最为显著。在本家系中,有3个患者具有临床症状,表现为青少年-青年起病的发作性眩晕、共济失调和构音障碍,发作数小时至数天,常因运动或劳累诱发,间歇期表现为逐渐加重的言语含糊,头颅MRI提示以前蚓部为主的小脑萎缩,符合EA2型的临床特征。

EA2的致病基因为 CACNA1A ,定位于19p13,含47个外显子,编码蛋白质为Cav2.1,即P/Q型电压门控钙通道α1亚单位。Cav2.1广泛表达于中枢神经系统,尤其是小脑的浦肯野细胞和颗粒细胞,通过介导钙离子内流调节神经递质的释放 [ 12 ] 。1996年Ophoff等 [ 2 ] 首次确定 CACNA1A 为EA2的致病基因,目前已有超过80个与EA2相关的 CACNA1A 突变报道。其中大多数突变破坏开放阅读框,随后由于终止密码子提早出现或剪接位点异常导致蛋白质提前截断,也有部分为错义突变,大片段重复/缺失突变罕见 [ 13 ]

除EA2外, CACNA1A 为家族性偏瘫型偏头痛1型(hemiplegic migraine type 1,FHM1)(OMIM 141500) [ 2 ] 、脊髓小脑共济失调6型(spinocerebellar ataxia type 6,SCA6)(OMIM 183086) [ 14 ] 的致病基因,这3种疾病均为等位基因疾病。 CACNA1A 的错义突变通常导致FHM1,截短突变多见于EA2,外显子区CAG重复扩增突变与SCA6相关,但突变类型与3种疾病并不能严格对应。此外,这3种疾病的临床表型有广泛的重叠:约半数EA2患者合并偏头痛 [ 15 ] ,SCA6的患者可出现发作性共济失调表现 [ 16 ] ,在FHM1和EA2患者发作间歇期可出现进行性共济失调 [ 17 ] 。除上述3种主要疾病表型外,最近研究发现 CACNA1A 突变还可表现为癫痫性脑病 [ 18 ] 、神经心理发育障碍(智力障碍、注意缺陷与多动障碍、自闭症等) [ 19 ] ,这使得 CACNA1A 基因型与临床表型的关系更为复杂。

在本家系中,遗传学分析发现先证者的姨妈 (II꞉5)携带有突变,但无发作性神经系统疾病的病史,神经系统体格检查无任何阳性体征,提示该突变可能存在不完全外显。虽然EA2具有明显的临床异质性,携带相同突变的患者甚至同一家系内的患者可表现为不同的表型及严重程度 [ 15 ] ,但是外显不全的病例很少。最近报道在一个携带 CACNA1A 基因c.835C>T(p.R279C)突变的法国家系中,3名突变携带者(年龄分别为70岁、54岁及40岁)完全正常 [ 20 ] 。由于EA2也有晚至61岁起病的病例报道 [ 11 ] ,因此不排除携带者II꞉5在48岁以后发病的可能性。导致EA2临床异质性及外显不全的机制尚不完全清楚,有研究 [ 21 ] 显示在EA2家系中,携带相同 CACNA1A 突变的男性患者比女性患者的表型更为严重,提示可能存在其他修饰基因影响疾病的表型;此外,表观遗传学机制或环境因素也可能对疾病的表型有一定的影响。

本家系先证者在儿童期存在神经心理发育障碍,成年后仍有明显的人际交流障碍,工作能力较差,认知功能评估提示有视空间/执行功能损害,但未达到痴呆的诊断标准。一项研究 [ 22 ] 对23例 CACNA1A 突变患者(包括11例FHM1、10例EA2及2例SCA6)进行了系统的神经心理和认知功能评估,发现认知损害在FHM1和EA2患者中较为常见,主要表现在图形记忆、视觉建构能力和语言流畅性等方面。在EA2和FHM1患者中,儿童患者神经心理发育迟滞较为常见,而成人患者的认知障碍相对较轻,提示这种神经心理和认知的改变通常始于儿童时期,而在成年期变得不那么显著。同时,几乎所有存在认知和精神障碍的FHM1和EA2患者都合并小脑萎缩或小脑体征 [ 22 ] 。本家系先证者的神经心理发育障碍和认知损害的特点与上述模式相似,同时头颅MRI显示小脑萎缩。小脑在神经发育过程中起重要作用。在伴小脑损害的疾病中,儿童起病的患者较成人起病的患者具有更明显的神经心理和认知障碍 [ 23 ] 。P/Q型电压门控钙离子通道主要分布于小脑浦肯野细胞和颗粒细胞,提示携带 CACNA1A 突变患者的神经心理和认知障碍与小脑损害有关。

本例先证者合并有卵圆孔未闭(patent foramen ovale,PFO),PFO被认为与某些发作性疾病(如偏头痛)相关 [ 24 ] 。观察性研究 [ 25 ] 显示封堵PFO可减轻甚至终止偏头痛的发作,提示PFO可能在某些发作性疾病中起一定的作用,但机制尚不清楚。目前尚无研究报道EA与PFO的关联,也无研究报道 CACNA1A 基因与PFO的关联,而且本家系成员并未出现偏头痛的表型,无法证实PFO与本家系发作性症状是否相关,但是这个有趣的发现提示我们应该思考PFO在发作性疾病中的作用。

多数EA2患者对使用乙酰唑胺治疗反应良好,250~1 000 mg/d的乙酰唑胺可减轻2/3的患者的发作频率 [ 26 ] ,但能否改善间歇期进行性小脑退化以及眼球震颤尚不清楚。同时,随机双盲安慰剂对照研究 [ 27 ] 表明,钾离子通道阻滞剂4-氨基吡啶(4-aminopyridine,4-AP)可以通过增加浦肯野细胞中γ-氨基丁酸的释放,减少EA2的发作并改善下跳性眼震。有个案 [ 28 ] 报道丙戊酸钠可减少EA2的发作。由于乙酰唑胺及4-AP缺药,本患者尝试使用口服丙戊酸钠治疗,但服药后患者的发作频率增加,且间歇期头晕症状不能得到完全缓解,停用丙戊酸钠后上述情况好转。据报道 [ 1 ] 苯妥英钠可诱发EA2,但具体机制不详,推测与其抑制钠离子通道有关。由于丙戊酸钠也具有抑制钠离子通道的作用,EA2患者使用该类药物时要谨慎。

目前在中国关于EA2的报道较少,对该病的认识不足,诊断率较低。以发作性眩晕以及共济失调为临床表现的疾病种类较多,需要与EA2鉴别的常见疾病包括良性发作性位置性眩晕、前庭性偏头痛、短暂性脑缺血发作、癫痫等。发作性疾病的遗传性特征往往容易被忽视;此外,由于存在明显的临床异质性甚至存在外显不全,导致某些患者的家族史并不明确,这些患者反复求医,进行各种检查,甚至被诊断为“功能性疾病”。临床中遇到年轻起病、表现为反复发作性头晕、言语含糊和共济失调的患者时,要注意询问其神经精神相关发育史以及家族史,及时进行MRI检查以及神经心理和认知评估,并借助基因诊断明确诊断。

本研究报道了1个 CACNA1A 基因杂合移码突变(c.2042_2043del (p.Q681Rfs*100)所致EA2家系,该突变携带者可能合并神经心理发育障碍和认知损害,并可能存在不完全外显。本例丰富了 CACNA1A 突变相关EA2的临床表型特征,有助于认识该病的临床表现及遗传学特点,减少误诊和漏诊。

基金资助

湖南省自然科学基金(2020JJ5927)。

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China (2020JJ5927).

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

作者贡献

徐迎晖、王智沁 设计并实施研究、采集和分析数据、起草文章;孙启英、胡雅岑 设计试验、分析数据、修改文章;周琳、许宏伟 对文章的知识性内容作批评性审阅。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/202206801.pdf

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