小课堂 ｜ RSA加密数据太长报错解决
很多时候，我们需要在开发中对某些 数据加密 ，比如登录对密码进行RSA加密。 RSA加密算法是一种非对称加密算法，公钥加密私钥解密。RSA是1977年由罗纳德·李维斯特（Ron Rivest）、阿迪·萨莫尔（Adi Shamir）和伦纳德·阿德曼（Leonard Adleman）一起提出的。当时他们三人都在麻省理工学院工作。RSA就是他们三人姓氏开头字母拼在一起组成的。 但是，如果加密数据比较长的话，可能会出现问题，如： javax.crypto.IllegalBlockSizeException: Data must not be longer than 117 bytes
1、问题重现
我们可以编写一个RSA的简单实现，如：
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.security.KeyFactory;
import java.security.KeyPair;
import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.security.SecureRandom;
import java.security.interfaces.RSAPrivateKey;
import java.security.interfaces.RSAPublicKey;
import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec;
import java.security.spec.X509EncodedKeySpec;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64;
public final class RsaUtils {
private RsaUtils() {
* 获取公钥和私钥对，key为公钥，value为私钥
* @return
* @throws NoSuchAlgorithmException
public static Map<String, String> genKeyPair() throws NoSuchAlgorithmException {
KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("RSA");
keyPairGen.initialize(1024, new SecureRandom());
KeyPair keyPair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();
RSAPrivateKey privateKey = (RSAPrivateKey) keyPair.getPrivate();
RSAPublicKey publicKey = (RSAPublicKey) keyPair.getPublic();
String publicKeyString = null;
String privateKeyString = null;
try {
publicKeyString = new String(Base64.encodeBase64(publicKey.getEncoded()), "UTF-8");
privateKeyString = new String(Base64.encodeBase64(privateKey.getEncoded()), "UTF-8");
} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException var7) {
var7.printStackTrace();
Map<String, String> keyPairMap = new HashMap<>();
keyPairMap.put("publicKey", publicKeyString);
keyPairMap.put("privateKey", privateKeyString);
return keyPairMap;
public static String encrypt(String str, String publicKey) throws Exception {
byte[] decoded = Base64.decodeBase64(publicKey);
RSAPublicKey pubKey = (RSAPublicKey) KeyFactory.getInstance("RSA")
.generatePublic(new X509EncodedKeySpec(decoded));
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("RSA");
cipher.init(1, pubKey);
String outStr = Base64.encodeBase64String(cipher.doFinal(str.getBytes("UTF-8")));
return outStr;
public static String decrypt(String str, String privateKey) throws Exception {
byte[] inputByte = Base64.decodeBase64(str.getBytes("UTF-8"));
byte[] decoded = Base64.decodeBase64(privateKey);
RSAPrivateKey priKey = (RSAPrivateKey) KeyFactory.getInstance("RSA")
.generatePrivate(new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(decoded));
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("RSA");
cipher.init(2, priKey);
String outStr = new String(cipher.doFinal(inputByte), "UTF-8");
return outStr;
写一个简单的测试：
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Map<String, String> keyMap = RsaUtils.genKeyPair();
String publicKey = keyMap.get("publicKey");
String privateKey = keyMap.get("privateKey");
System.out.println("publicKey = " + publicKey);
System.out.println("privateKey = " + privateKey);
String originValue = "原数据123456，测试一下1111111111111111111111111111111111111222222222222222222221111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111";
// 加密前：原数据123456，测试一下
System.out.println("加密前：" + originValue);
String encrypt = RsaUtils.encrypt(originValue, publicKey);
System.out.println("加密后：" + encrypt);
String decrypt = RsaUtils.decrypt(encrypt, privateKey);
System.out.println("解密后：" + decrypt);
}错误重现：
Exception in thread "main" javax.crypto.IllegalBlockSizeException: Data must not be longer than 117 bytes
at com.sun.crypto.provider.RSACipher.doFinal(RSACipher.java:346)
at com.sun.crypto.provider.RSACipher.engineDoFinal(RSACipher.java:391)
at javax.crypto.Cipher.doFinal(Cipher.java:2168)
at com.********.crypto.rsa.RsaUtils.encrypt(RsaUtils.java:58)
at Main.main(Main.java:19)2、原因
Cipher rsa = Cipher.getInstance("RSA/ECB/PKCS1Padding");表示，使用RSA算法，并且加PAD的方式按照PKCS1的标准。
即 输入数据长度小于等于密钥的位数/8-11 ，例如：1024位密钥， 1024/8-11 =117 。不足的部分，程序会自动补齐。加密后的数据还是等于密钥的位数/8。
Cipher提供加解密API，其中RSA非对称加密解密内容长度是有限制的，加密长度不超过117Byte，解密长度不超过128Byte，报错如下： javax.crypto.IllegalBlockSizeException: Data must not be longer than 117 bytes 。
3、解决
既然Cipher加解密有长度限制，那么如果超过 117 bytes ，我们可以 采用分段加密、分段解密的方式进行 。
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.net.URLDecoder;
import java.net.URLEncoder;
import java.security.KeyFactory;
import java.security.KeyPair;
import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.security.SecureRandom;
import java.security.interfaces.RSAPrivateKey;
import java.security.interfaces.RSAPublicKey;
import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec;
import java.security.spec.X509EncodedKeySpec;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.ArrayUtils;
public final class RsaUtils {
// RSA最大加密明文大小
private static final int MAX_ENCRYPT_BLOCK = 117;
// RSA最大解密密文大小
private static final int MAX_DECRYPT_BLOCK = 128;
private RsaUtils() {
* 获取公钥和私钥对，key为公钥，value为私钥
* @return
* @throws NoSuchAlgorithmException
public static Map<String, String> genKeyPair() throws NoSuchAlgorithmException {
KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("RSA");
keyPairGen.initialize(1024, new SecureRandom());
KeyPair keyPair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();
RSAPrivateKey privateKey = (RSAPrivateKey) keyPair.getPrivate();
RSAPublicKey publicKey = (RSAPublicKey) keyPair.getPublic();
String publicKeyString = null;
String privateKeyString = null;
try {
publicKeyString = new String(Base64.encodeBase64(publicKey.getEncoded()), "UTF-8");
privateKeyString = new String(Base64.encodeBase64(privateKey.getEncoded()), "UTF-8");
} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException var7) {
var7.printStackTrace();
Map<String, String> keyPairMap = new HashMap<>();
keyPairMap.put("publicKey", publicKeyString);
keyPairMap.put("privateKey", privateKeyString);
return keyPairMap;
public static String encrypt(String str, String publicKey) throws Exception {
byte[] decoded = Base64.decodeBase64(publicKey);
RSAPublicKey pubKey = (RSAPublicKey) KeyFactory.getInstance("RSA")
.generatePublic(new X509EncodedKeySpec(decoded));
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("RSA/ECB/PKCS1Padding");
cipher.init(1, pubKey);
// 分段加密
// URLEncoder编码解决中文乱码问题
byte[] data = URLEncoder.encode(str, "UTF-8").getBytes("UTF-8");
// 加密时超过117字节就报错。为此采用分段加密的办法来加密
byte[] enBytes = null;
for (int i = 0; i < data.length; i += MAX_ENCRYPT_BLOCK) {
// 注意要使用2的倍数，否则会出现加密后的内容再解密时为乱码
byte[] doFinal = cipher.doFinal(ArrayUtils.subarray(data, i, i + MAX_ENCRYPT_BLOCK));
enBytes = ArrayUtils.addAll(enBytes, doFinal);
String outStr = Base64.encodeBase64String(enBytes);
return outStr;
* 公钥分段解密
* @param str
* @param privateKey
* @return
* @throws Exception
public static String decrypt(String str, String privateKey) throws Exception {
// 获取公钥
byte[] decoded = Base64.decodeBase64(privateKey);
RSAPrivateKey priKey = (RSAPrivateKey) KeyFactory.getInstance("RSA")
.generatePrivate(new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(decoded));
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("RSA/ECB/PKCS1Padding");
cipher.init(2, priKey);
byte[] data = Base64.decodeBase64(str.getBytes("UTF-8"));
// 返回UTF-8编码的解密信息
int inputLen = data.length;
ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
int offSet = 0;
byte[] cache;
int i = 0;
// 对数据分段解密
while (inputLen - offSet > 0) {
if (inputLen - offSet > MAX_DECRYPT_BLOCK) {
cache = cipher.doFinal(data, offSet, MAX_DECRYPT_BLOCK);
} else {
cache = cipher.doFinal(data, offSet, inputLen - offSet);
out.write(cache, 0, cache.length);
offSet = i * 128;
byte[] decryptedData = out.toByteArray();
out.close();
return URLDecoder.decode(new String(decryptedData, "UTF-8"), "UTF-8");
再次测试一下，把测试数据长度加大很多： public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { Map<String, String> keyMap = RsaUtils.genKeyPair(); String publicKey = keyMap.get("publicKey"); String privateKey = keyMap.get("privateKey"); System.out.println("publicKey = " + publicKey); System.out.println("privateKey = " + privateKey); String originValue = "原数据123456，测试一下1111111111111111111111111111111111111222222222222222222221111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111原数据123456，测试一下1111111111111111111111111111111111111222222222222222222221111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111原数据123456，测试一下1111111111111111111111111111111111111222222222222222222221111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111原数据123456，测试一下1111111111111111111111111111111111111222222222222222222221111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111原数据123456，测试一下1111111111111111111111111111111111111222222222222222222221111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111原数据123456，测试一下1111111111111111111111111111111111111222222222222222222221111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111原数据123456，测试一下1111111111111111111111111111111111111222222222222222222221111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111原数据123456，测试一下1111111111111111111111111111111111111222222222222222222221111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111原数据123456，测试一下1111111111111111111111111111111111111222222222222222222221111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111原数据123456，测试一下1111111111111111111111111111111111111222222222222222222221111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111原数据123456，测试一下1111111111111111111111111111111111111222222222222222222221111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111原数据123456，测试一下1111111111111111111111111111111111111222222222222222222221111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111原数据123456，测试一下1111111111111111111111111111111111111222222222222222222221111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111原数据123456，测试一下1111111111111111111111111111111111111222222222222222222221111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111原数据123456，测试一下1111111111111111111111111111111111111222222222222222222221111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111原数据123456，测试一下1111111111111111111111111111111111111222222222222222222221111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111原数据123456，测试一下1111111111111111111111111111111111111222222222222222222221111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111"; // 加密前：原数据123456，测试一下 System.out.println("加密前：" + originValue); String encrypt = RsaUtils.encrypt(originValue, publicKey); System.out.println("加密后：" + encrypt);