字級大小SCRIPT，如您的瀏覽器不支援，IE6請利用鍵盤按住ALT鍵 + V → X → (G)最大(L)較大(M)中(S)較小(A)小，來選擇適合您的文字大小，如為IE7或Firefoxy瀏覽器則可利用鍵盤 Ctrl + (+)放大 (-)縮小來改變字型大小。 Characterization is an important part of animation theory research and animation practice. Many researchers think that the image of characters in animated cartoons and comics are designed according to the exaggeration or reduction of some features based on the human face and body. So, why do we create cartoon characters through exaggeration? In the design process, which parts should be exaggerated? Compared with real people, how much exaggeration is the animation characters?
In this study, the first research goal is to clarify the reasons for the exaggeration of animation characters; the second research goal is to quantitatively explain the preference and degree of exaggeration of facial features of American and Japanese animation characters; and the third research goal is to explain the preference and degree of exaggeration of body features of American and Japanese animation characters. Based on the analysis of the research results, the general rules of animation character characterization design are inferred.
This study first reviews the literature related to animation character characterization, discusses the relationship between plastic arts, semiotics and aesthetics, and then demonstrates the reasons for animation character exaggeration by exploring the inevitable relationship between comedy aesthetic feeling in aesthetics and joy emotion in psychology and "exaggeration" in animation angle.
Based on the review of the literature on face feature recognition, a research process is established to analyze the appearance design of animated characters. By measuring the facial features and body proportion of 280 animation character samples from the United States and Japan, and comparing the obtained data with the characteristics of the conventional model of real face and human body, we can see how much the American and Japanese animation character exaggerates or shrinks compared with the conventional model in the different characteristics of face and body, and what features exaggerate, and the head of body proportion What is the body ratio. Then through the comparison of the characteristics of American and Japanese animation characters, summarize their respective exaggerated characteristics and preferences. This paper explains the exaggeration rules of animation character characterization design in different regions in a quantitative way, and specifically explains the exaggeration part and degree of the face and body of American and Japanese animation characters.
The results show that the eyes, nose, ears and chin of cartoon characters in the two countries are obviously exaggerated or shrunk, the position of mouth and the area of face, the width of forehead and mandible are exaggerated or shrunk in different degrees, while the exaggeration of other characteristics is not up to the level of significant difference. Therefore, we can speculate that in the process of animation character facial features design, eyes, nose, ears, chin are the key features.
The position of the mouth, the size of the face and the size of the forehead are the secondary features, while the other parts are the more secondary features to be considered. In the research part of animation character form, American male animation character tends to exaggerate or shrink in every part of form, and tends to exaggerate body and shorten legs as a whole. He has a big and lovely body. Japanese male cartoon characters tend to exaggerate the width of the chest and waist. As a whole, American and Japanese anime adult characters exaggerate the head area and hand width. American and Japanese female anime characters have reduced the width of their legs to appear slender. The average proportion of American male and female animation characters is about 5 heads tall. The average proportion of Japanese male anime character is close to 5.5 heads tall, and the average proportion of Japanese female anime character is close to 6 heads tall.
This study further improves the theory of animation character exaggeration design. The data in the research results can be used as a reference for designers and researchers of animation characterization.

Key words: American and Japanese anime character characterization, exaggeration, human features, conventional model

目錄
摘要 I
Abstract III
圖目錄 VIII
表目錄 IX
第一章 緒論 1
1-1研究背景與動機 1
1-2研究目標 5
1-3研究架構與流程 6
1.3.1研究框架 6
1.3.2研究流程 7
1-4研究範圍與限制 8
1.4.1動畫人物角色 8
1.4.2樣本來源 9
1.4.3面部特徵、身體比例的誇張 9
1-5名詞釋義 9
1.5.1卡通與動漫 9
1.5.2誇張 10
1.5.3人臉特徵識別 11
1.5.4常規模型 11
第二章 文獻探討 13
2-1動漫畫人物造型誇張的原因 13
2.1.1符號學視角下的動漫角色 14
2.1.2動漫角色與美學、積極情緒之間的聯繫 16
2.1.3動漫角色的誇張 19
2-2人臉特徵及身體比例特徵 21
2-3 美、日動畫角色形象的研究 25
2-4 利用人臉特徵識別生成漫畫的計算方法 29
第三章 研究方法與步驟 33
3-1 研究方法與流程 33
3.1.1測量法 33
3.1.2 提取數據的工具 33
3.1.3 研究流程歸納 34
3-2第一階段：美、日動畫人物角色面部特徵誇張的研究 35
3.2.1面部特徵的研究流程 35
3.2.2選取面部特徵研究所需角色樣本 36
3.2.3建立基礎人臉參考的常規模型 37
3.2.4定義長度、角度、面積 38
3.2.5搜集定位點數據的方法 44
3.2.6選取共同特徵數值 45
3.2.7數據處理方法描述 46
3-3 第二階段：美、日動畫人物角色形體誇張設計的研究 46
3.3.1身體特徵的研究流程 47
3.3.2選取身體特徵研究所需角色樣本 47
3.3.3建立常規模型並為測量身體比例定義有效的定位點 52
3.3.4數據處理方法 60
第四章 研究結果 61
4-1 美、日動漫角色面部特徵的研究結果 61
4.1.1角度研究結果 61
4.1.2長度研究結果 64
4.1.3面積研究結果 68
4-2 美、日動漫角色肢體部分的研究結果 71
4.2.1美、日動畫角色按照國別、性別、年齡、角色關係分類統計的研究結果 71
4.2.2美、日男性動畫角色分別與常模的比對 89
第五章 研究結果分析 99
5-1 美、日動漫人物角色面部特徵誇張設計研究結果分析 99
5.1.1眼睛 99
5.1.2鼻子 101
5.1.3耳朵 103
5.1.4嘴巴 104
5.1.5面部面積 105
5.1.6下巴大小 108
5.1.7下巴尖銳程度 110
5.1.8下頜部位的寬窄程度 111
5-2 美、日動漫角色身體特徵與比例誇張設計結果分析 112
5.2.1 頭部對比 112
5.2.2身體特徵及比例造型的誇張 113
5.2.3手、臂 115
5.2.4腿、腳參考圖 117
5.2.5 總體比例參考圖 118
第六章 結論與建議 121
6-1動漫角色誇張設計原因和規律的討論 121
6-2結論 123
6-3後續研究建議 125
參考文獻 127








圖目錄
圖 1研究架構圖 6
圖 2研究流程圖 7
圖 3達芬奇手稿中的漫畫形象 13
圖 4 特普費爾：《相貌論》 19
圖 5動畫角色的誇張 19
圖 6達芬奇（1487）前後繪製的維特魯威人 22
圖 7動畫角色比例的概念 24
圖 8日本動畫角色的傳統印象 26
圖 9 a 《蒸汽船威利號》1928；b 《X戰記》 27
圖 10 人臉識別標記的定位點 30
圖 11 局部特徵的識別與加權值排序 31
圖 12 識別人臉後將特徵轉換成線條並放大效果 31
圖 13電腦學習繪製肖像的過程 32
圖 14 photoshop cs6 尺規工具搜集數據示例 34
圖15面部特徵研究流程 34
圖16 動畫角色面部特徵的研究流程 35
圖17不同國家人物的大眾面孔合成一個常規模型人臉和面部特徵定位效果 38
圖 18定位點定義角色特徵的某些長度、角度、面積示例; 39
圖 19某個角色長度的初步數據示例 45
圖 20動漫人物角色身體比例誇張研究流程 47
圖 21 身體定位點示意圖 55
圖 22上下眼瞼之間的長度、眼睛的寬度、面積 100
圖 23與鼻子相關的長度、面積、角度 102
圖 24耳朵的寬度 104
圖 25嘴巴位置 105
圖 26面部面積 106
圖 27下巴的面積 109
圖 28下巴尖銳程度 110
圖 29左右下頜之間的寬度 111
圖 30 常模與動漫角色頭部對比 112
圖 31 常模與動漫角色身體對比 114
圖 32 常模與動漫角色手臂部對比 115
圖 33 常模與動漫角色腿腳對比 117
圖 34美國男常模與美國男性動漫角色的平均值造型 119
圖 35美國女常模與美國女性動漫角色的平均值造型 119
圖 36日本男常模與日本男性動漫角色的平均值造型 120
圖 37日本女常模與日本女性動漫角色的平均值造型 120

表目錄
表 1日本人體測量手冊 22
表 2 1991-92日本男、女頭身比 23
表3 1997-98日本男、女頭身比 23
表4 1989美國男、女頭身比 23
表 5 全球票房排名前10 25
表 6 日本設計的卡通形象更像西方人的調查結果 27
表 7 美國樣本 50 個 (a) 36
表 8日本樣本50個 (b) 37
表 9 用英文字母定義特徵的長寬、角度、面積16個長度、寬度 40
表 10 長寬距離、角度、面積定義 42
表 11 美國動畫角色身體樣本90個 47
表 12 日本角色樣本90個 50
表 13 美、日不同性別的常規模型示意圖標意圖 54
表 14 身體比例特徵的長度、面積示意圖 56
表 15 動漫人物角色身體特徵長度、面積的定義 59
表 16 角度研究結果 61
表 17 以面部角度特徵為例解析 64
表 18 長度研究結果 65
表 19 以鼻子特徵為例的結果解析 68
表 20 面積研究結果 68
表 21以眼部特徵為例的結果解析 70
表 22 按照國別分類統計的研究結果 71
表 23 按照性別分類統計的研究結果，美、日動漫人物男性角色 74
表 24按照性別分類統計的研究結果，美、日動漫女性角色 76
表 25 按照年齡分類統計的研究結果，美、日動漫小孩角色 78
表 26 按照年齡分類統計的研究結果，美、日動漫成年人角色 80
表 27 按照角色分類統計的研究結果，美、日動漫主角角色 82
表 28 按照主配角分類統計的研究結果，美、日配角角色 85
表 29 按照主配角關係分類統計的研究結果，美國動漫主配角色 87
表 30 按照主配角關係分類統計的研究結果，日本動漫主配角色 88
表 31 美、日男性動畫角色分別與常模的比對結果 90
表 32 美、日女性動畫角色分別與常模的比對結果 94
表 33 美、日男女動漫人物角色與常規模型的P值 96
表 34 眼睛相關數據 99
表 35 鼻子相關數據 101
表 36 耳朵相關數據 103
表 37 嘴巴相關數據 104
表 38 面部面積相關數據 105
表 39 與下巴大小相關數據 108
表 40 與下巴尖銳程度相關數據 110
表 41 左右下頜之間的寬度的相關數據 111


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日本文獻
AIST人體寸法データベース1991-92 獨立行政法人產業技術総合研究所河內まき子･持丸正明 H16PRO287.
河內まき子，持丸正明，岩澤洋，三穀誠二（2000）：日本人人體寸法データベース1997-98，通商產業省工業技術院くらしとJISセンター.
























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